From HPO
Nephroblastoma- MedGen UID:
- 10221
- •Concept ID:
- C0027708
- •
- Neoplastic Process
The presence of a nephroblastoma, which is a neoplasm of the kidney that primarily affects children.
Neuroblastoma- MedGen UID:
- 18012
- •Concept ID:
- C0027819
- •
- Neoplastic Process
ALK-related neuroblastic tumor susceptibility is characterized by increased risk for neuroblastic tumors including neuroblastoma, ganglioneuroblastoma, and ganglioneuroma. Neuroblastoma is a more malignant tumor and ganglioneuroma a more benign tumor. Depending on the histologic findings, ganglioneuroblastoma can behave in a more aggressive fashion, like neuroblastoma, or in a benign fashion, like ganglioneuroma. Preliminary data from the ten reported families with ALK-related neuroblastic tumor susceptibility suggest an overall penetrance of approximately 57% with the risk for neuroblastic tumor development highest in infancy and decreasing by late childhood.
Short thumb- MedGen UID:
- 98469
- •Concept ID:
- C0431890
- •
- Congenital Abnormality
Hypoplasia (congenital reduction in size) of the thumb.
Ventricular septal defect- MedGen UID:
- 42366
- •Concept ID:
- C0018818
- •
- Congenital Abnormality
A hole between the two bottom chambers (ventricles) of the heart. The defect is centered around the most superior aspect of the ventricular septum.
Postnatal growth retardation- MedGen UID:
- 395343
- •Concept ID:
- C1859778
- •
- Finding
Slow or limited growth after birth.
Medulloblastoma- MedGen UID:
- 7517
- •Concept ID:
- C0025149
- •
- Neoplastic Process
Medulloblastoma is the most common brain tumor in children. It accounts for 16% of all pediatric brain tumors, and 40% of all cerebellar tumors in childhood are medulloblastoma. Medulloblastoma occurs bimodally, with peak incidences between 3 and 4 years and 8 and 9 years of age. Approximately 10 to 15% of medulloblastomas are diagnosed in infancy. Medulloblastoma accounts for less than 1% of central nervous system (CNS) tumors in adults, with highest incidence in adults 20 to 34 years of age. In 1 to 2% of patients, medulloblastoma is associated with Gorlin syndrome (109400), a nevoid basal carcinoma syndrome. Medulloblastoma also occurs in up to 40% of patients with Turcot syndrome (see 276300). Medulloblastoma is thought to arise from neural stem cell precursors in the granular cell layer of the cerebellum. Standard treatment includes surgery, chemotherapy, and, depending on the age of the patient, radiation therapy (Crawford et al., 2007).
Millard and De Braganca (2016) reviewed the histopathologic variants and molecular subgroups of medulloblastoma. Pretreatment prognosis of medulloblastoma has been refined by histopathologic subclassification into the following variants: large-cell medulloblastoma, anaplastic medulloblastoma, desmoplastic/nodular medulloblastoma, and medulloblastoma with extensive nodularity (MBEN). The latter 2 groups have been shown to have a significantly superior prognosis as compared to the large cell and anaplastic groups in young children. At the molecular level, medulloblastomas have been categorized into the following subgroups: wingless (WNT), sonic hedgehog (SHH), group 3, and group 4. Each subgroup is characterized by a unique set of genetics and gene expression as well as demographic and clinical features.
Aplastic anemia- MedGen UID:
- 8063
- •Concept ID:
- C0002874
- •
- Disease or Syndrome
Aplastic anemia is a serious disorder of the bone marrow that affects between 2 and 5 persons per million per year. About 75% of these cases are classified as idiopathic (Young, 2000). In about 15% of cases a drug or infection can be identified that precipitates the aplasia, although why only some individuals are susceptible is unclear. In about 5 to 10% of patients, the aplastic anemia is constitutional--i.e., is familial or presents with one or more associated somatic abnormalities (summary by Vulliamy et al., 2002).
Microcephaly- MedGen UID:
- 1644158
- •Concept ID:
- C4551563
- •
- Finding
Head circumference below 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender.
Short neck- MedGen UID:
- 99267
- •Concept ID:
- C0521525
- •
- Finding
Diminished length of the neck.
Epicanthus- MedGen UID:
- 151862
- •Concept ID:
- C0678230
- •
- Congenital Abnormality
Epicanthus is a condition in which a fold of skin stretches from the upper to the lower eyelid, partially covering the inner canthus. Usher (1935) noted that epicanthus is a normal finding in the fetus of all races. Epicanthus also occurs in association with hereditary ptosis (110100).
Cafe-au-lait spot- MedGen UID:
- 113157
- •Concept ID:
- C0221263
- •
- Finding
Cafe-au-lait spots are hyperpigmented lesions that can vary in color from light brown to dark brown with smooth borders and having a size of 1.5 cm or more in adults and 0.5 cm or more in children.
Hypertelorism- MedGen UID:
- 9373
- •Concept ID:
- C0020534
- •
- Finding
Although hypertelorism means an excessive distance between any paired organs (e.g., the nipples), the use of the word has come to be confined to ocular hypertelorism. Hypertelorism occurs as an isolated feature and is also a feature of many syndromes, e.g., Opitz G syndrome (see 300000), Greig cephalopolysyndactyly (175700), and Noonan syndrome (163950) (summary by Cohen et al., 1995).
Chromosomal breakage induced by crosslinking agents- MedGen UID:
- 867372
- •Concept ID:
- C4021737
- •
- Finding
Increased amount of chromosomal breaks in cultured blood lymphocytes or other cells induced by treatment with DNA cross-linking agents such as diepoxybutane and mitomycin C.
- Abnormal cellular phenotype
- Abnormality of blood and blood-forming tissues
- Abnormality of head or neck
- Abnormality of limbs
- Abnormality of the cardiovascular system
- Abnormality of the eye
- Abnormality of the integument
- Abnormality of the musculoskeletal system
- Abnormality of the nervous system
- Growth abnormality
- Neoplasm