Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is an invasive angioproliferative inflammatory condition that occurs commonly in men infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; see 609423). In the early stages of KS, lesions appear reactive and are stimulated to grow by the actions of inflammatory cytokines and growth factors. In the late stages of KS, a malignant phenotype that appears to be monoclonal can develop. Infection with human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8), also known as KS-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), is necessary but not sufficient for KS development. Coinfection with HIV markedly increases the likelihood of KS development, and additional environmental, hormonal, and genetic cofactors likely contribute to its pathogenesis (summary by Foster et al., 2000). Suthaus et al. (2012) noted that HHV-8 is the etiologic agent not only of KS, but also of primary effusion lymphoma and plasma cell-type multicentric Castleman disease (MCD).

Nephrotic syndrome is a collection of findings resulting from glomerular dysfunction with an increase in glomerular capillary wall permeability associated with pronounced proteinuria. Nephrotic syndrome refers to the constellation of clinical findings that result from severe renal loss of protein, with Proteinuria and hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia.

Repeated infections of the urinary tract.

Abnormally increased size of the liver.

A developmental dysplasia of the dental enamel.

Hypotonia is an abnormally low muscle tone (the amount of tension or resistance to movement in a muscle). Even when relaxed, muscles have a continuous and passive partial contraction which provides some resistance to passive stretching. Hypotonia thus manifests as diminished resistance to passive stretching. Hypotonia is not the same as muscle weakness, although the two conditions can co-exist.

A disorder of muscle unrelated to impairment of innervation or neuromuscular junction.

An increased susceptibility to pneumonia as manifested by a history of recurrent episodes of pneumonia.

An autoimmune form of hemolytic anemia.

Failure of the immune system to protect the body adequately from infection, due to the absence or insufficiency of some component process or substance.

Systemic inflammatory response to infection.

Abnormal increased size of the spleen.

Decreased levels of immunoglobulin A (IgA).

An abnormally increased level of immunoglobulin A in blood.

An abnormally decreased level of immunoglobulin M (IgM) in blood.

Increased susceptibility to infections.

The presence of thrombocytopenia in combination with detection of antiplatelet antibodies.

Enlargment (swelling) of a lymph node.

Any abnormality in the total number of lymphocytes in the blood.

Increased susceptibility to otitis media, as manifested by recurrent episodes of otitis media.

Increased susceptibility to bacterial infections, as manifested by recurrent episodes of bacterial infection.

An abnormally increased concentration of the IgG3 subtype in the blood circulation.

An abnormally decreased level of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in blood.

A decreased concentration of glucose in the blood.

Periodic (episodic or recurrent) bouts of fever.

Abnormally diminished capacity to sweat.

The presence of developmental dysplasia of the nail.

Congenital underdevelopment of the iris.