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Fibrochondrogenesis 1(FBCG1)

MedGen UID:
479768
Concept ID:
C3278138
Disease or Syndrome
Synonym: FBCG1
 
Gene (location): COL11A1 (1p21.1)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0009226
OMIM®: 228520

Definition

Fibrochondrogenesis is a severe, autosomal recessive, short-limbed skeletal dysplasia clinically characterized by a flat midface with a small nose and anteverted nares, significant shortening of all limb segments but relatively normal hands and feet, and a small bell-shaped thorax with a protuberant abdomen. Radiographically, the long bones are short and have broad metaphyseal ends, giving them a dumb-bell shape. The vertebral bodies are flat and, on lateral view, have a distinctive pinched appearance, with a hypoplastic posterior end and a rounded anterior end. The ribs are typically short and wide and have metaphyseal cupping at both ends (summary by Tompson et al., 2010). Genetic Heterogeneity of Fibrochondrogenesis Fibrochondrogenesis-2 (FBCG2; 614524) is caused by mutation in the COL11A2 gene (120290) on chromosome 6p21.3. [from OMIM]

Additional description

From MedlinePlus Genetics
Fibrochondrogenesis is characterized by short stature (dwarfism) and other skeletal abnormalities. Affected individuals have shortened long bones in the arms and legs that are unusually wide at the ends (described as dumbbell-shaped). People with this condition also have a narrow chest with short, wide ribs and a round and prominent abdomen. The bones of the spine (vertebrae) are flattened (platyspondyly) and have a characteristic pinched or pear shape that is noticeable on x-rays. Other skeletal abnormalities associated with fibrochondrogenesis include abnormal curvature of the spine and underdeveloped hip (pelvic) bones.

Fibrochondrogenesis is a very severe disorder of bone growth. Affected infants have a very narrow chest, which prevents the lungs from developing normally. Most infants with this condition are stillborn or die shortly after birth from respiratory failure. However, some affected individuals have lived into childhood.

People with fibrochondrogenesis also have distinctive facial features. These include prominent eyes, low-set ears, a small mouth with a long upper lip, and a small chin (micrognathia). Affected individuals have a relatively flat-appearing midface, particularly a small nose with a flat nasal bridge and nostrils that open to the front rather than downward (anteverted nares). Vision problems, including severe nearsightedness (high myopia) and clouding of the lens of the eye (cataract), are common in those who survive infancy. Most affected individuals also have sensorineural hearing loss, which is caused by abnormalities of the inner ear.  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/fibrochondrogenesis

Clinical features

From HPO
Small hand
MedGen UID:
108279
Concept ID:
C0575802
Finding
Disproportionately small hand.
Fibular hypoplasia
MedGen UID:
316909
Concept ID:
C1832119
Finding
Underdevelopment of the fibula.
Short palm
MedGen UID:
334684
Concept ID:
C1843108
Finding
Short palm.
Short foot
MedGen UID:
376415
Concept ID:
C1848673
Finding
A measured foot length that is more than 2 SD below the mean for a newborn of 27 - 41 weeks gestation, or foot that is less than the 3rd centile for individuals from birth to 16 years of age (objective). Alternatively, a foot that appears disproportionately short (subjective).
Clinodactyly of the 5th finger
MedGen UID:
340456
Concept ID:
C1850049
Congenital Abnormality
Clinodactyly refers to a bending or curvature of the fifth finger in the radial direction (i.e., towards the 4th finger).
Rhizomelia
MedGen UID:
357122
Concept ID:
C1866730
Congenital Abnormality
Disproportionate shortening of the proximal segment of limbs (i.e. the femur and humerus).
Patent foramen ovale
MedGen UID:
8891
Concept ID:
C0016522
Congenital Abnormality
Failure of the foramen ovale to seal postnatally, leaving a potential conduit between the left and right cardiac atria.
Protuberant abdomen
MedGen UID:
340750
Concept ID:
C1854928
Finding
A thrusting or bulging out of the abdomen.
Low-set ears
MedGen UID:
65980
Concept ID:
C0239234
Congenital Abnormality
Upper insertion of the ear to the scalp below an imaginary horizontal line drawn between the inner canthi of the eye and extending posteriorly to the ear.
Abnormal pinna morphology
MedGen UID:
167800
Concept ID:
C0857379
Congenital Abnormality
An abnormality of the pinna, which is also referred to as the auricle or external ear.
Joint contracture of the hand
MedGen UID:
56382
Concept ID:
C0158113
Finding
Contractures of one ore more joints of the hands meaning chronic loss of joint motion due to structural changes in non-bony tissue.
Frontal bossing
MedGen UID:
67453
Concept ID:
C0221354
Congenital Abnormality
Bilateral bulging of the lateral frontal bone prominences with relative sparing of the midline.
Long clavicles
MedGen UID:
96530
Concept ID:
C0426808
Finding
Increased length of the clavicles.
Short ribs
MedGen UID:
98094
Concept ID:
C0426817
Finding
Reduced rib length.
Thin ribs
MedGen UID:
98095
Concept ID:
C0426818
Finding
Ribs with a reduced diameter.
Narrow greater sciatic notch
MedGen UID:
154353
Concept ID:
C0566888
Finding
A narrowing of the sacrosciatic notch, i.e., the deep indentation in the posterior border of the hip bone at the point of union of the ilium and ischium.
Thin clavicles
MedGen UID:
659167
Concept ID:
C0575535
Finding
Abnormally reduced diameter (cross section) of the clavicles.
Camptodactyly
MedGen UID:
195780
Concept ID:
C0685409
Congenital Abnormality
The distal interphalangeal joint and/or the proximal interphalangeal joint of the fingers or toes cannot be extended to 180 degrees by either active or passive extension.
Congenital omphalocele
MedGen UID:
162756
Concept ID:
C0795690
Congenital Abnormality
An omphalocele is an abdominal wall defect limited to an open umbilical ring, and is characterized by the herniation of membrane-covered internal organs into the open base of the umbilical cord. Omphalocele is distinguished from gastroschisis (230750), in which the abdominal wall defect is located laterally to a normally closed umbilical ring with herniation of organs that are uncovered by membranes (summary by Bugge, 2010). On the basis of clinical manifestations, epidemiologic characteristics, and the presence of additional malformations, Yang et al. (1992) concluded that omphalocele and gastroschisis are casually and pathogenetically distinct abdominal wall defects. Omphalocele can be a feature of genetic disorders, such as Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (130650) and the Shprintzen-Goldberg syndrome (182210).
Broad ischia
MedGen UID:
324622
Concept ID:
C1836868
Finding
Increased width of the ischium, which forms the lower and back part of the hip bone.
Thoracic hypoplasia
MedGen UID:
373339
Concept ID:
C1837482
Congenital Abnormality
Posterior rib cupping
MedGen UID:
325182
Concept ID:
C1837483
Finding
Wide, concave posterior rib end.
Platyspondyly
MedGen UID:
335010
Concept ID:
C1844704
Finding
A flattened vertebral body shape with reduced distance between the vertebral endplates.
Anterior rib cupping
MedGen UID:
337520
Concept ID:
C1846154
Finding
Wide, concave anterior rib end.
Hypoplastic scapulae
MedGen UID:
337579
Concept ID:
C1846434
Finding
Underdeveloped scapula.
Short long bone
MedGen UID:
344385
Concept ID:
C1854912
Finding
One or more abnormally short long bone.
Widely patent coronal suture
MedGen UID:
341621
Concept ID:
C1856778
Finding
The presence of a coronal suture (the cranial suture that separates the frontal and parietal bones) that is not ossified but rather wide open at an age when it is normally closed.
Widely patent sagittal suture
MedGen UID:
347300
Concept ID:
C1856779
Finding
The presence of a sagittal suture (the cranial suture that separates the left and right parietal bones) that is not ossified but rather wide open at an age when it is normally closed.
Posterior vertebral hypoplasia
MedGen UID:
383983
Concept ID:
C1856780
Finding
Malar flattening
MedGen UID:
347616
Concept ID:
C1858085
Finding
Underdevelopment of the malar prominence of the jugal bone (zygomatic bone in mammals), appreciated in profile, frontal view, and/or by palpation.
Hypoplastic ischia
MedGen UID:
347146
Concept ID:
C1859447
Finding
Underdevelopment of the ischium, which forms the lower and back part of the hip bone.
Wide anterior fontanel
MedGen UID:
400926
Concept ID:
C1866134
Finding
Enlargement of the anterior fontanelle with respect to age-dependent norms.
Dumbbell-shaped long bone
MedGen UID:
412739
Concept ID:
C2749582
Finding
An abnormal appearance of the long bones with resemblance to a dumbbell, a short bar with a weight at each end. That is, the long bone is shortened and displays flaring (widening) of the metaphyses.
Broad long bones
MedGen UID:
867270
Concept ID:
C4021630
Finding
Increased cross-section (diameter) of the long bones. Note that widening may primarily affect specific regions of long bones (e.g., diaphysis or metaphysis), but this should be coded separately.
Narrow mouth
MedGen UID:
44435
Concept ID:
C0026034
Congenital Abnormality
Distance between the commissures of the mouth more than 2 SD below the mean. Alternatively, an apparently decreased width of the oral aperture (subjective).
Short neck
MedGen UID:
99267
Concept ID:
C0521525
Finding
Diminished length of the neck.
Depressed nasal bridge
MedGen UID:
373112
Concept ID:
C1836542
Finding
Posterior positioning of the nasal root in relation to the overall facial profile for age.
Anteverted nares
MedGen UID:
326648
Concept ID:
C1840077
Finding
Anteriorly-facing nostrils viewed with the head in the Frankfurt horizontal and the eyes of the observer level with the eyes of the subject. This gives the appearance of an upturned nose (upturned nasal tip).
Flat face
MedGen UID:
342829
Concept ID:
C1853241
Finding
Absence of concavity or convexity of the face when viewed in profile.
Short nose
MedGen UID:
343052
Concept ID:
C1854114
Finding
Distance from nasion to subnasale more than two standard deviations below the mean, or alternatively, an apparently decreased length from the nasal root to the nasal tip.
Long philtrum
MedGen UID:
351278
Concept ID:
C1865014
Finding
Distance between nasal base and midline upper lip vermilion border more than 2 SD above the mean. Alternatively, an apparently increased distance between nasal base and midline upper lip vermilion border.
Cleft palate
MedGen UID:
756015
Concept ID:
C2981150
Congenital Abnormality
Cleft palate is a developmental defect of the palate resulting from a failure of fusion of the palatine processes and manifesting as a separation of the roof of the mouth (soft and hard palate).
Hypoplastic toenails
MedGen UID:
332409
Concept ID:
C1837279
Finding
Underdevelopment of the toenail.
Hypoplastic fingernail
MedGen UID:
347304
Concept ID:
C1856786
Finding
Underdevelopment of a fingernail.
Hydrops fetalis
MedGen UID:
6947
Concept ID:
C0020305
Disease or Syndrome
The abnormal accumulation of fluid in two or more fetal compartments, including ascites, pleural effusion, pericardial effusion, and skin edema.
Proptosis
MedGen UID:
41917
Concept ID:
C0015300
Disease or Syndrome
An eye that is protruding anterior to the plane of the face to a greater extent than is typical.
Megalocornea
MedGen UID:
138008
Concept ID:
C0344530
Congenital Abnormality
Megalocornea is an inherited eye disorder in which the corneal diameter is bilaterally enlarged (greater than 13 mm) without an increase in intraocular pressure. It may also be referred to as 'anterior megalophthalmos,' since the entire anterior segment is larger than normal. Features of megalocornea in addition to a deep anterior chamber include astigmatic refractive errors, atrophy of the iris stroma, miosis secondary to decreased function of the dilator muscle, iridodonesis, and tremulousness, subluxation, or dislocation of the lens. Whereas most affected individuals exhibit normal ocular function, complications include cataract development and glaucoma following lenticular dislocation or subluxation. X-linked recessive inheritance is the most common pattern, accounting for the male preponderance of the disorder (summary by Skuta et al., 1983). Megalocornea sometimes occurs as part of the Marfan syndrome (154700). Genetic Heterogeneity of Megalocornea Autosomal recessive megalocornea has been reported (249300).

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Stembalska A, Dudarewicz L, Śmigiel R
Adv Clin Exp Med 2021 Jun;30(6):641-647. doi: 10.17219/acem/134166. PMID: 34019743
Ma K, Titan AL, Stafford M, Zheng Ch, Levenston ME
Acta Biomater 2012 Oct;8(10):3754-64. Epub 2012 Jun 28 doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.06.028. PMID: 22750738Free PMC Article
Koay EJ, Athanasiou KA
Tissue Eng Part A 2009 Aug;15(8):2249-57. doi: 10.1089/ten.tea.2008.0320. PMID: 19231974
Leeners B, Funk A, Cotarelo CL, Sauer I
Am J Med Genet A 2004 Jun 15;127A(3):318-20. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.20620. PMID: 15150788
Hall CM, Elçioglu NH
Pediatr Radiol 2004 Jan;34(1):66-74. Epub 2003 Oct 18 doi: 10.1007/s00247-003-1063-x. PMID: 14566438

Diagnosis

Stembalska A, Dudarewicz L, Śmigiel R
Adv Clin Exp Med 2021 Jun;30(6):641-647. doi: 10.17219/acem/134166. PMID: 34019743
Akawi NA, Al-Gazali L, Ali BR
Clin Genet 2012 Aug;82(2):147-56. Epub 2011 Jul 18 doi: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2011.01734.x. PMID: 21668896
Leeners B, Funk A, Cotarelo CL, Sauer I
Am J Med Genet A 2004 Jun 15;127A(3):318-20. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.20620. PMID: 15150788
Hall CM, Elçioglu NH
Pediatr Radiol 2004 Jan;34(1):66-74. Epub 2003 Oct 18 doi: 10.1007/s00247-003-1063-x. PMID: 14566438
Stanescu V, Stanescu R, Maroteaux P
J Bone Joint Surg Am 1984 Jul;66(6):817-36. doi: 10.2106/00004623-198466060-00002. PMID: 6376516

Prognosis

Stembalska A, Dudarewicz L, Śmigiel R
Adv Clin Exp Med 2021 Jun;30(6):641-647. doi: 10.17219/acem/134166. PMID: 34019743
Akawi NA, Al-Gazali L, Ali BR
Clin Genet 2012 Aug;82(2):147-56. Epub 2011 Jul 18 doi: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2011.01734.x. PMID: 21668896
Leeners B, Funk A, Cotarelo CL, Sauer I
Am J Med Genet A 2004 Jun 15;127A(3):318-20. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.20620. PMID: 15150788
Martínez-Frías ML, García A, Cuevas J, Rodríguez JI, Urioste M
J Med Genet 1996 May;33(5):429-31. doi: 10.1136/jmg.33.5.429. PMID: 8733059Free PMC Article
Stanescu V, Stanescu R, Maroteaux P
J Bone Joint Surg Am 1984 Jul;66(6):817-36. doi: 10.2106/00004623-198466060-00002. PMID: 6376516

Clinical prediction guides

Stembalska A, Dudarewicz L, Śmigiel R
Adv Clin Exp Med 2021 Jun;30(6):641-647. doi: 10.17219/acem/134166. PMID: 34019743
Akawi NA, Al-Gazali L, Ali BR
Clin Genet 2012 Aug;82(2):147-56. Epub 2011 Jul 18 doi: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2011.01734.x. PMID: 21668896
Al-Gazali LI, Bakir M, Hamid Z, Varady E, Varghes M, Haas D, Bener A, Padmanabhan R, Abdulrrazzaq YM, Dawadu A
Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2003 Feb;67(2):125-32. doi: 10.1002/bdra.10009. PMID: 12769508

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