Limb shortening because of underdevelopment of one or more bones of the extremities.

A bending or abnormal curvature of the tibia.

The presence of an abnormality of cardiac function that is responsible for the failure of the heart to pump blood at a rate that is commensurate with the needs of the tissues or a state in which abnormally elevated filling pressures are required for the heart to do so. Heart failure is frequently related to a defect in myocardial contraction.

The retrograde (backwards) flow of blood through the pulmonary valve into the right ventricle during diastole.

Smaller than normal size according to sex and gestational age related norms, defined as a weight below the 10th percentile for the gestational age.

A type of disproportionate short stature characterized by a short limbs but an average-sized trunk.

The repeated occurrence of bone fractures (implying an abnormally increased tendency for fracture).

More than one fracture of the ribs. Callus formation around multiple rib fractures can produce a row of multiple rounded expansions (beadlike prominences) giving the appearance of beaded ribs. Note that rachitic rosary would have one bead per rib (a swelling at the costochondral junction), while beaded ribs in the context of multiple rib fractures have multiple beads (fractures) along the same rib.

Ribs with a reduced diameter.

In newborns, the two frontal bones, two parietal bones, and one occipital bone are joined by fibrous sutures, which form a small posterior fontanelle, and a larger, diamond-shaped anterior fontanelle. These regions allow for the skull to pass the birth canal and for later growth. The fontanelles gradually ossify, whereby the posterior fontanelle usually closes by eight weeks and the anterior fontanelle by the 9th to 16th month of age. Large fontanelles are diagnosed if the fontanelles are larger than age-dependent norms.

A flattened vertebral body shape with reduced distance between the vertebral endplates.

The presence of bone fractures in the prenatal period that are diagnosed at birth or before.

The rib cage has the shape of a wide mouthed bell. That is, the superior portion of the rib cage is constricted, followed by a convex region, and the inferior portion of the rib cage expands again to have a large diameter.

An crumpled radiographic appearance of the long bones, as if the long bone had been crushed together producing irregularities. This feature is the result of multiple fractures and repeated rounds of ineffective healing, as can be seen for instance in severe forms of osteogenesis imperfecta.

The presence of extra bones within a cranial suture. Wormian bones are irregular isolated bones which appear in addition to the usual centers of ossification of the cranium.

An abnormality of the bony pelvic girdle, which is a ring of bones connecting the vertebral column to the femurs.

Acalvaria is an extremely rare congenital malformation characterized by an absence of flat bones of skull, dura mater, and associated muscles in the presence of normal cranial contents and facial bones.

Increased cross-section (diameter) of the long bones. Note that widening may primarily affect specific regions of long bones (e.g., diaphysis or metaphysis), but this should be coded separately.

Impairment of gas exchange within the lungs secondary to a disease process, neoplasm, or trauma, possibly resulting in hypoxia, hypercarbia, or both, but not requiring intubation or mechanical ventilation. Patients are normally managed with pharmaceutical therapy, supplemental oxygen, or both.

Nasal ridge curving anteriorly to an imaginary line that connects the nasal root and tip. The nose appears often also prominent, and the columella low.

Reduction in thickness of the skin, generally associated with a loss of suppleness and elasticity of the skin.

The birth of a baby of less than 37 weeks of gestational age.

Hydrops fetalis is a descriptive term for generalized edema of the fetus, with fluid accumulation in extravascular components and body cavities. It is not a diagnosis in itself, but a symptom and end-stage result of a wide variety of disorders. In the case of immune hydrops fetalis, a frequent cause is maternofetal incompatibility as in that related to a number of genetic anemias and metabolic disorders expressed in the fetus; in other instances, it remains idiopathic and likely multifactorial (summary by Bellini et al., 2009). Nonimmune hydrops fetalis accounts for 76 to 87% of all described cases of hydrops fetalis (Bellini et al., 2009). Genetic Heterogeneity of Hydrops Fetalis In southeast Asia, alpha-thalassemia (604131) is the most common cause of hydrops fetalis, accounting for 60 to 90% of cases. Almost all of these cases result from homozygous deletion of the HBA1 (141800) and HBA2 (141850) genes. A few cases have been reported that had 1 apparently normal alpha-globin gene, termed the hemoglobin H (613978) hydrops fetalis syndrome (summary by Chui and Waye, 1998). Other genetic disorders predisposing to NIHF include other congenital anemias, such as erythropoietic porphyria (e.g., 606938.0013), and many metabolic disorders, such as one form of Gaucher disease (e.g., 606463.0009), infantile sialic acid storage disease (269920), mucopolysaccharidosis type VII (253220), glycogen storage disease IV (232500), congenital disorder of glycosylation type Ia (212065), and disorders of lymphatic malformation (see, e.g., LMPHM1, 153100).

An abnormal bluish coloration of the sclera.