U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Format

Send to:

Choose Destination

Intraocular retinoblastoma

MedGen UID:
78874
Concept ID:
C0278717
Neoplastic Process
Synonyms: Intraocular Retinoblastoma; intraocular retinoblastoma
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0003077

Definition

Retinoblastoma restricted to local involvement. [from NCI]

Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  
  • CROGVIntraocular retinoblastoma

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Berry JL, Munier FL, Gallie BL, Polski A, Shah S, Shields CL, Gombos DS, Ruchalski K, Stathopoulos C, Shah R, Jubran R, Kim JW, Mruthyunjaya P, Marr BP, Wilson MW, Brennan RC, Chantada GL, Chintagumpala MM, Murphree AL
Pediatr Blood Cancer 2021 May;68(5):e28964. Epub 2021 Feb 23 doi: 10.1002/pbc.28964. PMID: 33624399Free PMC Article
Fabian ID, Johnson KP, Stacey AW, Sagoo MS, Reddy MA
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017 Jun 7;6(6):CD012366. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012366.pub2. PMID: 28589646Free PMC Article
Abramson DH, Shields CL, Munier FL, Chantada GL
JAMA Ophthalmol 2015 Nov;133(11):1341-7. doi: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2015.3108. PMID: 26378747

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Kaliki S
Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2021 Aug;49(6):606-614. Epub 2021 Jul 9 doi: 10.1111/ceo.13964. PMID: 34185374
Global Retinoblastoma Study Group, Fabian ID, Abdallah E, Abdullahi SU, Abdulqader RA, Adamou Boubacar S, Ademola-Popoola DS, Adio A, Afshar AR, Aggarwal P, Aghaji AE, Ahmad A, Akib MNR, Al Harby L, Al Ani MH, Alakbarova A, Portabella SA, Al-Badri SAF, Alcasabas APA, Al-Dahmash SA, Alejos A, Alemany-Rubio E, Alfa Bio AI, Alfonso Carreras Y, Al-Haddad C, Al-Hussaini HHY, Ali AM, Alia DB, Al-Jadiry MF, Al-Jumaily U, Alkatan HM, All-Eriksson C, Al-Mafrachi AARM, Almeida AA, Alsawidi KM, Al-Shaheen AASM, Al-Shammary EH, Amiruddin PO, Antonino R, Astbury NJ, Atalay HT, Atchaneeyasakul LO, Atsiaya R, Attaseth T, Aung TH, Ayala S, Baizakova B, Balaguer J, Balayeva R, Balwierz W, Barranco H, Bascaran C, Beck Popovic M, Benavides R, Benmiloud S, Bennani Guebessi N, Berete RC, Berry JL, Bhaduri A, Bhat S, Biddulph SJ, Biewald EM, Bobrova N, Boehme M, Boldt HC, Bonanomi MTBC, Bornfeld N, Bouda GC, Bouguila H, Boumedane A, Brennan RC, Brichard BG, Buaboonnam J, Calderón-Sotelo P, Calle Jara DA, Camuglia JE, Cano MR, Capra M, Cassoux N, Castela G, Castillo L, Català-Mora J, Chantada GL, Chaudhry S, Chaugule SS, Chauhan A, Chawla B, Chernodrinska VS, Chiwanga FS, Chuluunbat T, Cieslik K, Cockcroft RL, Comsa C, Correa ZM, Correa Llano MG, Corson TW, Cowan-Lyn KE, Csóka M, Cui X, Da Gama IV, Dangboon W, Das A, Das S, Davanzo JM, Davidson A, De Potter P, Delgado KQ, Demirci H, Desjardins L, Diaz Coronado RY, Dimaras H, Dodgshun AJ, Donaldson C, Donato Macedo CR, Dragomir MD, Du Y, Du Bruyn M, Edison KS, Eka Sutyawan IW, El Kettani A, Elbahi AM, Elder JE, Elgalaly D, Elhaddad AM, Elhassan MMA, Elzembely MM, Essuman VA, Evina TGA, Fadoo Z, Fandiño AC, Faranoush M, Fasina O, Fernández DDPG, Fernández-Teijeiro A, Foster A, Frenkel S, Fu LD, Fuentes-Alabi SL, Gallie BL, Gandiwa M, Garcia JL, García Aldana D, Gassant PY, Geel JA, Ghassemi F, Girón AV, Gizachew Z, Goenz MA, Gold AS, Goldberg-Lavid M, Gole GA, Gomel N, Gonzalez E, Gonzalez Perez G, González-Rodríguez L, Garcia Pacheco HN, Graells J, Green L, Gregersen PA, Grigorovski NDAK, Guedenon KM, Gunasekera DS, Gündüz AK, Gupta H, Gupta S, Hadjistilianou T, Hamel P, Hamid SA, Hamzah N, Hansen ED, Harbour JW, Hartnett ME, Hasanreisoglu M, Hassan S, Hassan S, Hederova S, Hernandez J, Hernandez LMC, Hessissen L, Hordofa DF, Huang LC, Hubbard GB, Hummlen M, Husakova K, Hussein Al-Janabi AN, Ida R, Ilic VR, Jairaj V, Jeeva I, Jenkinson H, Ji X, Jo DH, Johnson KP, Johnson WJ, Jones MM, Kabesha TBA, Kabore RL, Kaliki S, Kalinaki A, Kantar M, Kao LY, Kardava T, Kebudi R, Kepak T, Keren-Froim N, Khan ZJ, Khaqan HA, Khauv P, Kheir WJ, Khetan V, Khodabande A, Khotenashvili Z, Kim JW, Kim JH, Kiratli H, Kivelä TT, Klett A, Komba Palet JEK, Krivaitiene D, Kruger M, Kulvichit K, Kuntorini MW, Kyara A, Lachmann ES, Lam CPS, Lam GC, Larson SA, Latinovic S, Laurenti KD, Le BHA, Lecuona K, Leverant AA, Li C, Limbu B, Long QB, López JP, Lukamba RM, Lumbroso L, Luna-Fineman S, Lutfi D, Lysytsia L, Magrath GN, Mahajan A, Majeed AR, Maka E, Makan M, Makimbetov EK, Manda C, Martín Begue N, Mason L, Mason JO 3rd, Matende IO, Materin M, Mattosinho CCDS, Matua M, Mayet I, Mbumba FB, McKenzie JD, Medina-Sanson A, Mehrvar A, Mengesha AA, Menon V, Mercado GJVD, Mets MB, Midena E, Mishra DKC, Mndeme FG, Mohamedani AA, Mohammad MT, Moll AC, Montero MM, Morales RA, Moreira C, Mruthyunjaya P, Msina MS, Msukwa G, Mudaliar SS, Muma KI, Munier FL, Murgoi G, Murray TG, Musa KO, Mushtaq A, Mustak H, Muyen OM, Naidu G, Nair AG, Naumenko L, Ndoye Roth PA, Nency YM, Neroev V, Ngo H, Nieves RM, Nikitovic M, Nkanga ED, Nkumbe H, Nuruddin M, Nyaywa M, Obono-Obiang G, Oguego NC, Olechowski A, Oliver SCN, Osei-Bonsu P, Ossandon D, Paez-Escamilla MA, Pagarra H, Painter SL, Paintsil V, Paiva L, Pal BP, Palanivelu MS, Papyan R, Parrozzani R, Parulekar M, Pascual Morales CR, Paton KE, Pawinska-Wasikowska K, Pe'er J, Peña A, Peric S, Pham CTM, Philbert R, Plager DA, Pochop P, Polania RA, Polyakov VG, Pompe MT, Pons JJ, Prat D, Prom V, Purwanto I, Qadir AO, Qayyum S, Qian J, Rahman A, Rahman S, Rahmat J, Rajkarnikar P, Ramanjulu R, Ramasubramanian A, Ramirez-Ortiz MA, Raobela L, Rashid R, Reddy MA, Reich E, Renner LA, Reynders D, Ribadu D, Riheia MM, Ritter-Sovinz P, Rojanaporn D, Romero L, Roy SR, Saab RH, Saakyan S, Sabhan AH, Sagoo MS, Said AMA, Saiju R, Salas B, San Román Pacheco S, Sánchez GL, Sayalith P, Scanlan TA, Schefler AC, Schoeman J, Sedaghat A, Seregard S, Seth R, Shah AS, Shakoor SA, Sharma MK, Sherief ST, Shetye NG, Shields CL, Siddiqui SN, Sidi Cheikh S, Silva S, Singh AD, Singh N, Singh U, Singha P, Sitorus RS, Skalet AH, Soebagjo HD, Sorochynska T, Ssali G, Stacey AW, Staffieri SE, Stahl ED, Stathopoulos C, Stirn Kranjc B, Stones DK, Strahlendorf C, Suarez MEC, Sultana S, Sun X, Sundy M, Superstein R, Supriyadi E, Surukrattanaskul S, Suzuki S, Svojgr K, Sylla F, Tamamyan G, Tan D, Tandili A, Tarrillo Leiva FF, Tashvighi M, Tateshi B, Tehuteru ES, Teixeira LF, Teh KH, Theophile T, Toledano H, Trang DL, Traoré F, Trichaiyaporn S, Tuncer S, Tyau-Tyau H, Umar AB, Unal E, Uner OE, Urbak SF, Ushakova TL, Usmanov RH, Valeina S, van Hoefen Wijsard M, Varadisai A, Vasquez L, Vaughan LO, Veleva-Krasteva NV, Verma N, Victor AA, Viksnins M, Villacís Chafla EG, Vishnevskia-Dai V, Vora T, Wachtel AE, Wackernagel W, Waddell K, Wade PD, Wali AH, Wang YZ, Weiss A, Wilson MW, Wime ADC, Wiwatwongwana A, Wiwatwongwana D, Wolley Dod C, Wongwai P, Xiang D, Xiao Y, Yam JC, Yang H, Yanga JM, Yaqub MA, Yarovaya VA, Yarovoy AA, Ye H, Yousef YA, Yuliawati P, Zapata López AM, Zein E, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Zheng X, Zhilyaeva K, Zia N, Ziko OAO, Zondervan M, Bowman R
JAMA Oncol 2020 May 1;6(5):685-695. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.6716. PMID: 32105305Free PMC Article
Vasalaki M, Fabian ID, Reddy MA, Cohen VM, Sagoo MS
Br Med Bull 2017 Jan 1;121(1):107-119. doi: 10.1093/bmb/ldw053. PMID: 28069617
Ortiz MV, Dunkel IJ
J Child Neurol 2016 Feb;31(2):227-36. Epub 2015 May 28 doi: 10.1177/0883073815587943. PMID: 26023180
Chan HS, Gallie BL, Munier FL, Beck Popovic M
Ophthalmol Clin North Am 2005 Mar;18(1):55-63, viii. doi: 10.1016/j.ohc.2004.11.002. PMID: 15763191

Diagnosis

Wen X, Fan J, Jin M, Jiang H, Li J, Han M, Zhang C, He X, Luo Y, Yang J, Zhou M, Tan J, Yang X, Ji X, Zhang J, Zhao J, Jia R, Fan X
Lancet Child Adolesc Health 2023 Sep;7(9):613-620. Epub 2023 Jul 31 doi: 10.1016/S2352-4642(23)00141-4. PMID: 37536351
Polski A, Xu L, Prabakar RK, Gai X, Kim JW, Shah R, Jubran R, Kuhn P, Cobrinik D, Hicks J, Berry JL
Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2020 Oct;59(10):584-590. Epub 2020 Jun 9 doi: 10.1002/gcc.22859. PMID: 32390242Free PMC Article
Global Retinoblastoma Study Group, Fabian ID, Abdallah E, Abdullahi SU, Abdulqader RA, Adamou Boubacar S, Ademola-Popoola DS, Adio A, Afshar AR, Aggarwal P, Aghaji AE, Ahmad A, Akib MNR, Al Harby L, Al Ani MH, Alakbarova A, Portabella SA, Al-Badri SAF, Alcasabas APA, Al-Dahmash SA, Alejos A, Alemany-Rubio E, Alfa Bio AI, Alfonso Carreras Y, Al-Haddad C, Al-Hussaini HHY, Ali AM, Alia DB, Al-Jadiry MF, Al-Jumaily U, Alkatan HM, All-Eriksson C, Al-Mafrachi AARM, Almeida AA, Alsawidi KM, Al-Shaheen AASM, Al-Shammary EH, Amiruddin PO, Antonino R, Astbury NJ, Atalay HT, Atchaneeyasakul LO, Atsiaya R, Attaseth T, Aung TH, Ayala S, Baizakova B, Balaguer J, Balayeva R, Balwierz W, Barranco H, Bascaran C, Beck Popovic M, Benavides R, Benmiloud S, Bennani Guebessi N, Berete RC, Berry JL, Bhaduri A, Bhat S, Biddulph SJ, Biewald EM, Bobrova N, Boehme M, Boldt HC, Bonanomi MTBC, Bornfeld N, Bouda GC, Bouguila H, Boumedane A, Brennan RC, Brichard BG, Buaboonnam J, Calderón-Sotelo P, Calle Jara DA, Camuglia JE, Cano MR, Capra M, Cassoux N, Castela G, Castillo L, Català-Mora J, Chantada GL, Chaudhry S, Chaugule SS, Chauhan A, Chawla B, Chernodrinska VS, Chiwanga FS, Chuluunbat T, Cieslik K, Cockcroft RL, Comsa C, Correa ZM, Correa Llano MG, Corson TW, Cowan-Lyn KE, Csóka M, Cui X, Da Gama IV, Dangboon W, Das A, Das S, Davanzo JM, Davidson A, De Potter P, Delgado KQ, Demirci H, Desjardins L, Diaz Coronado RY, Dimaras H, Dodgshun AJ, Donaldson C, Donato Macedo CR, Dragomir MD, Du Y, Du Bruyn M, Edison KS, Eka Sutyawan IW, El Kettani A, Elbahi AM, Elder JE, Elgalaly D, Elhaddad AM, Elhassan MMA, Elzembely MM, Essuman VA, Evina TGA, Fadoo Z, Fandiño AC, Faranoush M, Fasina O, Fernández DDPG, Fernández-Teijeiro A, Foster A, Frenkel S, Fu LD, Fuentes-Alabi SL, Gallie BL, Gandiwa M, Garcia JL, García Aldana D, Gassant PY, Geel JA, Ghassemi F, Girón AV, Gizachew Z, Goenz MA, Gold AS, Goldberg-Lavid M, Gole GA, Gomel N, Gonzalez E, Gonzalez Perez G, González-Rodríguez L, Garcia Pacheco HN, Graells J, Green L, Gregersen PA, Grigorovski NDAK, Guedenon KM, Gunasekera DS, Gündüz AK, Gupta H, Gupta S, Hadjistilianou T, Hamel P, Hamid SA, Hamzah N, Hansen ED, Harbour JW, Hartnett ME, Hasanreisoglu M, Hassan S, Hassan S, Hederova S, Hernandez J, Hernandez LMC, Hessissen L, Hordofa DF, Huang LC, Hubbard GB, Hummlen M, Husakova K, Hussein Al-Janabi AN, Ida R, Ilic VR, Jairaj V, Jeeva I, Jenkinson H, Ji X, Jo DH, Johnson KP, Johnson WJ, Jones MM, Kabesha TBA, Kabore RL, Kaliki S, Kalinaki A, Kantar M, Kao LY, Kardava T, Kebudi R, Kepak T, Keren-Froim N, Khan ZJ, Khaqan HA, Khauv P, Kheir WJ, Khetan V, Khodabande A, Khotenashvili Z, Kim JW, Kim JH, Kiratli H, Kivelä TT, Klett A, Komba Palet JEK, Krivaitiene D, Kruger M, Kulvichit K, Kuntorini MW, Kyara A, Lachmann ES, Lam CPS, Lam GC, Larson SA, Latinovic S, Laurenti KD, Le BHA, Lecuona K, Leverant AA, Li C, Limbu B, Long QB, López JP, Lukamba RM, Lumbroso L, Luna-Fineman S, Lutfi D, Lysytsia L, Magrath GN, Mahajan A, Majeed AR, Maka E, Makan M, Makimbetov EK, Manda C, Martín Begue N, Mason L, Mason JO 3rd, Matende IO, Materin M, Mattosinho CCDS, Matua M, Mayet I, Mbumba FB, McKenzie JD, Medina-Sanson A, Mehrvar A, Mengesha AA, Menon V, Mercado GJVD, Mets MB, Midena E, Mishra DKC, Mndeme FG, Mohamedani AA, Mohammad MT, Moll AC, Montero MM, Morales RA, Moreira C, Mruthyunjaya P, Msina MS, Msukwa G, Mudaliar SS, Muma KI, Munier FL, Murgoi G, Murray TG, Musa KO, Mushtaq A, Mustak H, Muyen OM, Naidu G, Nair AG, Naumenko L, Ndoye Roth PA, Nency YM, Neroev V, Ngo H, Nieves RM, Nikitovic M, Nkanga ED, Nkumbe H, Nuruddin M, Nyaywa M, Obono-Obiang G, Oguego NC, Olechowski A, Oliver SCN, Osei-Bonsu P, Ossandon D, Paez-Escamilla MA, Pagarra H, Painter SL, Paintsil V, Paiva L, Pal BP, Palanivelu MS, Papyan R, Parrozzani R, Parulekar M, Pascual Morales CR, Paton KE, Pawinska-Wasikowska K, Pe'er J, Peña A, Peric S, Pham CTM, Philbert R, Plager DA, Pochop P, Polania RA, Polyakov VG, Pompe MT, Pons JJ, Prat D, Prom V, Purwanto I, Qadir AO, Qayyum S, Qian J, Rahman A, Rahman S, Rahmat J, Rajkarnikar P, Ramanjulu R, Ramasubramanian A, Ramirez-Ortiz MA, Raobela L, Rashid R, Reddy MA, Reich E, Renner LA, Reynders D, Ribadu D, Riheia MM, Ritter-Sovinz P, Rojanaporn D, Romero L, Roy SR, Saab RH, Saakyan S, Sabhan AH, Sagoo MS, Said AMA, Saiju R, Salas B, San Román Pacheco S, Sánchez GL, Sayalith P, Scanlan TA, Schefler AC, Schoeman J, Sedaghat A, Seregard S, Seth R, Shah AS, Shakoor SA, Sharma MK, Sherief ST, Shetye NG, Shields CL, Siddiqui SN, Sidi Cheikh S, Silva S, Singh AD, Singh N, Singh U, Singha P, Sitorus RS, Skalet AH, Soebagjo HD, Sorochynska T, Ssali G, Stacey AW, Staffieri SE, Stahl ED, Stathopoulos C, Stirn Kranjc B, Stones DK, Strahlendorf C, Suarez MEC, Sultana S, Sun X, Sundy M, Superstein R, Supriyadi E, Surukrattanaskul S, Suzuki S, Svojgr K, Sylla F, Tamamyan G, Tan D, Tandili A, Tarrillo Leiva FF, Tashvighi M, Tateshi B, Tehuteru ES, Teixeira LF, Teh KH, Theophile T, Toledano H, Trang DL, Traoré F, Trichaiyaporn S, Tuncer S, Tyau-Tyau H, Umar AB, Unal E, Uner OE, Urbak SF, Ushakova TL, Usmanov RH, Valeina S, van Hoefen Wijsard M, Varadisai A, Vasquez L, Vaughan LO, Veleva-Krasteva NV, Verma N, Victor AA, Viksnins M, Villacís Chafla EG, Vishnevskia-Dai V, Vora T, Wachtel AE, Wackernagel W, Waddell K, Wade PD, Wali AH, Wang YZ, Weiss A, Wilson MW, Wime ADC, Wiwatwongwana A, Wiwatwongwana D, Wolley Dod C, Wongwai P, Xiang D, Xiao Y, Yam JC, Yang H, Yanga JM, Yaqub MA, Yarovaya VA, Yarovoy AA, Ye H, Yousef YA, Yuliawati P, Zapata López AM, Zein E, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Zheng X, Zhilyaeva K, Zia N, Ziko OAO, Zondervan M, Bowman R
JAMA Oncol 2020 May 1;6(5):685-695. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.6716. PMID: 32105305Free PMC Article
Vasalaki M, Fabian ID, Reddy MA, Cohen VM, Sagoo MS
Br Med Bull 2017 Jan 1;121(1):107-119. doi: 10.1093/bmb/ldw053. PMID: 28069617
Ortiz MV, Dunkel IJ
J Child Neurol 2016 Feb;31(2):227-36. Epub 2015 May 28 doi: 10.1177/0883073815587943. PMID: 26023180

Therapy

Wen X, Fan J, Jin M, Jiang H, Li J, Han M, Zhang C, He X, Luo Y, Yang J, Zhou M, Tan J, Yang X, Ji X, Zhang J, Zhao J, Jia R, Fan X
Lancet Child Adolesc Health 2023 Sep;7(9):613-620. Epub 2023 Jul 31 doi: 10.1016/S2352-4642(23)00141-4. PMID: 37536351
Manjandavida FP, Stathopoulos C, Zhang J, Honavar SG, Shields CL
Indian J Ophthalmol 2019 Jun;67(6):740-754. doi: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_866_19. PMID: 31124482Free PMC Article
Vasalaki M, Fabian ID, Reddy MA, Cohen VM, Sagoo MS
Br Med Bull 2017 Jan 1;121(1):107-119. doi: 10.1093/bmb/ldw053. PMID: 28069617
Schaiquevich P, Fabius AW, Francis JH, Chantada GL, Abramson DH
Retina 2017 Jan;37(1):1-10. doi: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000001275. PMID: 27617542
Chan HS, Gallie BL, Munier FL, Beck Popovic M
Ophthalmol Clin North Am 2005 Mar;18(1):55-63, viii. doi: 10.1016/j.ohc.2004.11.002. PMID: 15763191

Prognosis

Prajantawanich K, Sanpakit K, Narkbunnam N, Vathana N, Takpradit C, Phuakpet K, Pongtanakul B, Atchaneeyasakul LO, Sinlapamongkolkul P, Buaboonnam J
Pediatr Int 2021 Jun;63(6):671-677. Epub 2021 May 26 doi: 10.1111/ped.14498. PMID: 33022851
Kim HA, Yoon YH, Kim JG, Lee JY
Korean J Ophthalmol 2020 Jun;34(3):242-250. doi: 10.3341/kjo.2019.0097. PMID: 32495533Free PMC Article
Vasalaki M, Fabian ID, Reddy MA, Cohen VM, Sagoo MS
Br Med Bull 2017 Jan 1;121(1):107-119. doi: 10.1093/bmb/ldw053. PMID: 28069617
Ortiz MV, Dunkel IJ
J Child Neurol 2016 Feb;31(2):227-36. Epub 2015 May 28 doi: 10.1177/0883073815587943. PMID: 26023180
Suzuki S, Kaneko A
Int J Clin Oncol 2004 Feb;9(1):1-6. doi: 10.1007/s10147-003-0366-0. PMID: 15162819

Clinical prediction guides

Castela G, Providência J, Monteiro M, Silva S, Brito M, Sá J, Oliveiros B, Murta JN, Correa Z, Branco MC
Sci Rep 2022 Mar 14;12(1):4378. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-08326-6. PMID: 35288594Free PMC Article
Luo Y, Zhou C, He F, Fan J, Wen X, Ding Y, Han Y, Ding J, Jin M, Liu Z, Wang S, Han M, Yuan H, Sun H, Xiao Y, Wu L, Wang J, Li Y, Yang H, Yu J, Gong J, Xu Y, Wen Y, Gao Z, Mei L, Ye J, Liu H, Chen Z, Xue S, Liu R, Chen H, Lu W, Liao H, Guo Q, Cui J, Zhu D, Lu F, Tang S, Wu Y, Yangkyi T, Guanghong Z, Wubuli M, Huiyu G, Wang X, He Y, Sheng X, Wang Q, Tan J, Liang J, Sun X, Zhang J, Ji X, Jin L, Zhao J, Yang X, Jia R, Fan X
Am J Ophthalmol 2022 Apr;236:193-203. Epub 2021 Oct 6 doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2021.09.026. PMID: 34626572
Li L, He T, Su Y, Wu L, Chen C
Technol Cancer Res Treat 2021 Jan-Dec;20:15330338211048634. doi: 10.1177/15330338211048634. PMID: 34747279Free PMC Article
Choi WJ, Jo DH, Kang HJ, Shin HY, Yu YS, Kim JH
Korean J Ophthalmol 2021 Feb;35(1):73-79. Epub 2021 Feb 2 doi: 10.3341/kjo.2020.0115. PMID: 33596616Free PMC Article
Soliman SE, Dimaras H, Souka AA, Ashry MH, Gallie BL
J Fr Ophtalmol 2015 Jun;38(6):550-8. Epub 2015 May 14 doi: 10.1016/j.jfo.2015.03.003. PMID: 25982424

Recent systematic reviews

Fabian ID, Johnson KP, Stacey AW, Sagoo MS, Reddy MA
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017 Jun 7;6(6):CD012366. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012366.pub2. PMID: 28589646Free PMC Article
de Jong MC, Kors WA, de Graaf P, Castelijns JA, Kivelä T, Moll AC
Lancet Oncol 2014 Sep;15(10):1157-67. Epub 2014 Aug 7 doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(14)70336-5. PMID: 25126964

Supplemental Content

Table of contents

    Clinical resources

    Practice guidelines

    • PubMed
      See practice and clinical guidelines in PubMed. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the FAQ for details.
    • Bookshelf
      See practice and clinical guidelines in NCBI Bookshelf. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the FAQ for details.

    Consumer resources

    Recent activity

    Your browsing activity is empty.

    Activity recording is turned off.

    Turn recording back on

    See more...