An increased rate of urine production.

Weakness of the muscles of the legs.

The presence of chronic increased pressure in the systemic arterial system.

Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation, a condition most commonly associated with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, is an abnormal communication between the pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein without an intervening capillary communication. HRCT images usually show a coarse spidery appearance of the peripheral vascular markings in the lungs. More specific findings are obtained in the pulmonary angiogram where the normally invisible capillary phase is replaced by irregular vascular channels bridging the peripheral branches of pulmonary arteries and veins.

Pulmonary hypertension is defined mean pulmonary artery pressure of 25mmHg or more and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure of 15mmHg or less when measured by right heart catheterisation at rest and in a supine position.

Smaller than normal size according to sex and gestational age related norms, defined as a weight below the 10th percentile for the gestational age.

Failure to thrive (FTT) refers to a child whose physical growth is substantially below the norm.

Difficulty in swallowing.

Abnormally increased frequency (usually defined as three or more) loose or watery bowel movements a day.

Forceful ejection of the contents of the stomach through the mouth by means of a series of involuntary spasmic contractions.

Impaired ability to eat related to problems gathering food and getting ready to suck, chew, or swallow it.

Tinnitus is an auditory perception that can be described as the experience of sound, in the ear or in the head, in the absence of external acoustic stimulation.

Upper insertion of the ear to the scalp below an imaginary horizontal line drawn between the inner canthi of the eye and extending posteriorly to the ear.

A series of rhythmic and involuntary muscle contractions (at a frequency of about 5 to 7 Hz) that occur in response to an abruptly applied and sustained stretch.

A form of hypotension characterized by a sudden fall in blood pressure that occurs when a person assumes a standing position.

Upturning of the big toe (and sometimes fanning of the other toes) in response to stimulation of the sole of the foot. If the Babinski sign is present it can indicate damage to the corticospinal tract.

Hyperreflexia is the presence of hyperactive stretch reflexes of the muscles.

A type of ataxia characterized by the inability to carry out movements with the correct range and motion across the plane of more than one joint related to incorrect estimation of the distances required for targeted movements.

A type of ataxia characterized by the impairment of the ability to perform rapidly alternating movements, such as pronating and supinating his or her hand on the dorsum of the other hand as rapidly as possible.

A type of ataxia characterized by the impairment of the ability to coordinate the movements required for normal walking. Gait ataxia is characteirzed by a wide-based staggering gait with a tendency to fall.

An abnormal reduction in sensation in the distal portions of the extremities.

Degenerative changes of the fat tissue.

Lack of subcutaneous adipose tissue.

In newborns, the two frontal bones, two parietal bones, and one occipital bone are joined by fibrous sutures, which form a small posterior fontanelle, and a larger, diamond-shaped anterior fontanelle. These regions allow for the skull to pass the birth canal and for later growth. The fontanelles gradually ossify, whereby the posterior fontanelle usually closes by eight weeks and the anterior fontanelle by the 9th to 16th month of age. Large fontanelles are diagnosed if the fontanelles are larger than age-dependent norms.

Reduced amount of adipose tissue in the region of the neck.

Loss (disappearance) of previously present subcutaneous fat tissue in arm or leg.

A reduced amount of fat tissue in the lowest layer of the integument. This feature can be appreciated by a reduced skinfold thickness.

The presence of an excessive amount of fluid in the pleural cavity.

Pneumothorax occurring without traumatic injury to the chest or lung.

A recurrent form of pancreatitis.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D), also designated insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), is a disorder of glucose homeostasis characterized by susceptibility to ketoacidosis in the absence of insulin therapy. It is a genetically heterogeneous autoimmune disease affecting about 0.3% of Caucasian populations (Todd, 1990). Genetic studies of T1D have focused on the identification of loci associated with increased susceptibility to this multifactorial phenotype. The classic phenotype of diabetes mellitus is polydipsia, polyphagia, and polyuria which result from hyperglycemia-induced osmotic diuresis and secondary thirst. These derangements result in long-term complications that affect the eyes, kidneys, nerves, and blood vessels.

An increased concentration of cholesterol in the blood.

Increased resistance towards insulin, that is, diminished effectiveness of insulin in reducing blood glucose levels.

An abnormal resistance to glucose, i.e., a reduction in the ability to maintain glucose levels in the blood stream within normal limits following oral or intravenous administration of glucose.

Glucose intolerance (GI) can be defined as dysglycemia that comprises both prediabetes and diabetes. It includes the conditions of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and diabetes mellitus (DM).

An abnormal increase in the level of triglycerides in the blood.

Distance between the commissures of the mouth more than 2 SD below the mean. Alternatively, an apparently decreased width of the oral aperture (subjective).

Facial contour, as viewed from the front, triangular in shape, with breadth at the temples and tapering to a narrow chin.

Decreased width of the nasal ridge.

Distance from nasion to subnasale more than two standard deviations below the mean, or alternatively, an apparently decreased length from the nasal root to the nasal tip.

Decreased number of hairs per unit area of skin of the scalp.

Lack or loss of the soft tissues between the zygomata and mandible.

A dermatosis characterized by thickened, hyperpigmented plaques, typically on the intertriginous surfaces and neck.

Skin characterized by the lack of natural or normal moisture.

Excessive wrinkling of the skin of the face.

A reticular discoloration of the skin with cyanotic (reddish-blue appearing) areas surrounding pale central areas due to dilation of capillary blood vessels and stagnation of blood within the vessels. Cutis marmorata generally occurs on the legs, arms and trunk and is often more severe in cold weather.

Reduction in thickness of the skin, generally associated with a loss of suppleness and elasticity of the skin.

A degree of wrinkling of the facial skin that is more than expected for the age of the individual, leading to a prematurely aged appearance.

Reduced density of hairs.

A cataract that occurs congenitally as the result of a developmental defect, in contrast to the majority of cataracts that occur in adulthood as the result of degenerative changes of the lens.

Rhythmic, involuntary oscillations of one or both eyes related to abnormality in fixation, conjugate gaze, or vestibular mechanisms.

A cataract is an opacity or clouding that develops in the crystalline lens of the eye or in its capsule.

An abnormality of the retina characterized by pigment deposition. It is typically associated with migration and proliferation of macrophages or retinal pigment epithelial cells into the retina; melanin from these cells causes the pigmentary changes. Pigmentary retinopathy is a common final pathway of many retinal conditions and is often associated with visual loss.