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Autosomal dominant distal renal tubular acidosis(DRTA1)

MedGen UID:
963849
Concept ID:
CN280572
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: DRTA1; Renal tubular acidosis 1; RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS, DISTAL, 1; Renal Tubular Acidosis, Type I; RTA, classic type; RTA, distal type, autosomal dominant; RTA, gradient type
Modes of inheritance:
Autosomal dominant inheritance
MedGen UID:
141047
Concept ID:
C0443147
Intellectual Product
Source: Orphanet
A mode of inheritance that is observed for traits related to a gene encoded on one of the autosomes (i.e., the human chromosomes 1-22) in which a trait manifests in heterozygotes. In the context of medical genetics, an autosomal dominant disorder is caused when a single copy of the mutant allele is present. Males and females are affected equally, and can both transmit the disorder with a risk of 50% for each child of inheriting the mutant allele.
 
Gene (location): SLC4A1 (17q21.31)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0008368
OMIM®: 179800
Orphanet: ORPHA93608

Disease characteristics

Excerpted from the GeneReview: Hereditary Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis
Individuals with hereditary distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA) typically present in infancy with failure to thrive, although later presentations can occur, especially in individuals with autosomal dominant SLC4A1-dRTA. Initial clinical manifestations can also include emesis, polyuria, polydipsia, constipation, diarrhea, decreased appetite, and episodes of dehydration. Electrolyte manifestations include hyperchloremic non-anion gap metabolic acidosis and hypokalemia. Renal complications of dRTA include nephrocalcinosis, nephrolithiasis, medullary cysts, and impaired renal function. Additional manifestations include bone demineralization (rickets, osteomalacia), growth deficiency, sensorineural hearing loss (in ATP6V0A4-, ATP6V1B1-, and FOXI1-dRTA), and hereditary hemolytic anemia (in some individuals with SLC4A1-dRTA). [from GeneReviews]
Authors:
R Todd Alexander  |  Linda Law  |  Helena Gil-Peña, et. al.   view full author information

Additional descriptions

From OMIM
Autosomal dominant distal renal tubular acidosis-1 (DRTA1) is characterized by reduced ability to acidify urine, variable hyperchloremic hypokalemic metabolic acidosis, nephrocalcinosis, nephrolithiasis, and metabolic bone disease (summary by Bruce et al., 1997 and Karet et al., 1998).  http://www.omim.org/entry/179800
From MedlinePlus Genetics
SLC4A1-associated distal renal tubular acidosis is a kidney (renal) disorder that sometimes includes blood cell abnormalities. The kidneys normally filter fluid and waste products from the body and remove them in urine; however, in people with distal renal tubular acidosis, the kidneys are unable to remove enough acid from the body, and the blood becomes too acidic. This chemical imbalance is called metabolic acidosis. The inability to remove acids from the body often results in slowed growth and may also lead to softening and weakening of the bones, called rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. This bone disorder is characterized by bone pain, bowed legs, and difficulty walking. In addition, most children and adults with SLC4A1-associated distal renal tubular acidosis have excess calcium in the urine (hypercalciuria), calcium deposits in the kidneys (nephrocalcinosis), and kidney stones (nephrolithiasis). In rare cases, these kidney abnormalities lead to life-threatening kidney failure. Affected individuals may also have low levels of potassium in the blood (hypokalemia).

Individuals with the features described above have complete distal renal tubular acidosis, which usually becomes apparent in childhood. Some people do not develop metabolic acidosis even though their kidneys have trouble removing acids; these individuals are said to have incomplete distal renal tubular acidosis. Additionally, these individuals may have other features of distal renal tubular acidosis, such as bone problems and kidney stones. Often, people who initially have incomplete distal renal tubular acidosis develop metabolic acidosis later in life.

Some people with SLC4A1-associated distal renal tubular acidosis also have blood cell abnormalities. These can vary in severity from no symptoms to a condition called hemolytic anemia, in which red blood cells prematurely break down (undergo hemolysis), causing a shortage of red blood cells (anemia). Hemolytic anemia can lead to unusually pale skin (pallor), extreme tiredness (fatigue), shortness of breath (dyspnea), and an enlarged spleen (splenomegaly).

There are two forms of SLC4A1-associated distal renal tubular acidosis; they are distinguished by their inheritance pattern. The autosomal dominant form is more common and is usually less severe than the autosomal recessive form. The autosomal dominant form can be associated with incomplete or complete distal renal tubular acidosis and is rarely associated with blood cell abnormalities. The autosomal recessive form is always associated with complete distal renal tubular acidosis and is more commonly associated with blood cell abnormalities, although not everyone with this form has abnormal blood cells.  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/slc4a1-associated-distal-renal-tubular-acidosis

Clinical features

From HPO
Nephrocalcinosis
MedGen UID:
10222
Concept ID:
C0027709
Disease or Syndrome
Nephrocalcinosis is the deposition of calcium salts in renal parenchyma.
Nephrolithiasis
MedGen UID:
98227
Concept ID:
C0392525
Disease or Syndrome
The presence of calculi (stones) in the kidneys.
Impaired urinary acidification
MedGen UID:
1378965
Concept ID:
C4476921
Finding
The kidney contributes towards acid-base homeostasis by excreting H+ ions and retaining bicarbonate. This process is known as acidification of the urine. The pH of urine ranges normally from 4.5 to 8. The inability to reduce the pH of the urine in a situation where it would be otherwise expected is known as an acidification defect.
Pathologic fracture
MedGen UID:
42095
Concept ID:
C0016663
Pathologic Function
A pathologic fracture occurs when a bone breaks in an area that is weakened secondarily to another disease process such as tumor, infection, and certain inherited bone disorders. A pathologic fracture can occur without a degree of trauma required to cause fracture in healthy bone.
Osteomalacia
MedGen UID:
14533
Concept ID:
C0029442
Disease or Syndrome
Osteomalacia is a general term for bone weakness owing to a defect in mineralization of the protein framework known as osteoid. This defective mineralization is mainly caused by lack in vitamin D. Osteomalacia in children is known as rickets.
Muscle weakness
MedGen UID:
57735
Concept ID:
C0151786
Finding
Reduced strength of muscles.
Hypocalcemia
MedGen UID:
5705
Concept ID:
C0020598
Disease or Syndrome
An abnormally decreased calcium concentration in the blood.
Hypokalemia
MedGen UID:
5712
Concept ID:
C0020621
Finding
An abnormally decreased potassium concentration in the blood.
Elevated circulating creatinine concentration
MedGen UID:
148579
Concept ID:
C0700225
Finding
An increased amount of creatinine in the blood.
Distal renal tubular acidosis
MedGen UID:
853429
Concept ID:
C1704380
Disease or Syndrome
A type of renal tubular acidosis characterized by a failure of acid secretion by the alpha intercalated cells of the cortical collecting duct of the distal nephron. The urine cannot be acidified below a pH of 5.3, associated with acidemia and hypokalemia.

Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  
  • CROGVAutosomal dominant distal renal tubular acidosis

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Giglio S, Montini G, Trepiccione F, Gambaro G, Emma F
J Nephrol 2021 Dec;34(6):2073-2083. Epub 2021 Mar 26 doi: 10.1007/s40620-021-01032-y. PMID: 33770395Free PMC Article
Palmer BF, Kelepouris E, Clegg DJ
Adv Ther 2021 Feb;38(2):949-968. Epub 2020 Dec 26 doi: 10.1007/s12325-020-01587-5. PMID: 33367987Free PMC Article
Assadi F
Iran J Kidney Dis 2008 Jul;2(3):115-22. PMID: 19377223

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Rumsby G
Int J Surg 2016 Dec;36(Pt D):590-595. Epub 2016 Nov 10 doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2016.11.015. PMID: 27838384

Diagnosis

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Kyono Y, Nozu K, Nakagawa T, Takami Y, Fujita H, Ioroi T, Kugo M, Iijima K, Kamiyoshi N
CEN Case Rep 2020 Feb;9(1):81-86. Epub 2019 Nov 8 doi: 10.1007/s13730-019-00432-1. PMID: 31705302Free PMC Article
Wang D, Yu Y, Wang R, Cai Y, Li Y, Choe CM, Guan H, Wang X
Nephron 2019;141(3):207-212. Epub 2018 Dec 14 doi: 10.1159/000495763. PMID: 30554219
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Endocrine 2010 Jun;37(3):473-8. Epub 2010 Apr 17 doi: 10.1007/s12020-010-9340-6. PMID: 20960171
Jarolim P, Shayakul C, Prabakaran D, Jiang L, Stuart-Tilley A, Rubin HL, Simova S, Zavadil J, Herrin JT, Brouillette J, Somers MJ, Seemanova E, Brugnara C, Guay-Woodford LM, Alper SL
J Biol Chem 1998 Mar 13;273(11):6380-8. doi: 10.1074/jbc.273.11.6380. PMID: 9497368

Therapy

Kyono Y, Nozu K, Nakagawa T, Takami Y, Fujita H, Ioroi T, Kugo M, Iijima K, Kamiyoshi N
CEN Case Rep 2020 Feb;9(1):81-86. Epub 2019 Nov 8 doi: 10.1007/s13730-019-00432-1. PMID: 31705302Free PMC Article

Prognosis

Sakuraya K, Nozu K, Oka I, Fujinaga S, Nagano C, Ohtomo Y, Iijima K
CEN Case Rep 2020 Nov;9(4):442-445. Epub 2020 Jul 6 doi: 10.1007/s13730-020-00500-x. PMID: 32632909Free PMC Article

Clinical prediction guides

Weber S, Soergel M, Jeck N, Konrad M
Pediatr Nephrol 2000 Dec;15(3-4):201-4. doi: 10.1007/s004670000454. PMID: 11149111

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