Abstract
This review focuses on the molecular aspects of osteogenesis and chondrogenesis as they relate to cellular and developmental levels. We discuss BMP (bone morphogenetic protein)-mediated signaling pathways for the patterning of skeletal elements and mechanisms for the induction of cartilage and bone formation. We emphasize BMP-mediated initiation of chondrogenesis and osteogenesis and consider BMP-dependent signaling cascades in mesenchymal progenitor cells during the development of the axial and appendicular skeleton and during growth plate and joint formation. In particular, we discuss BMP-signaling mediators of the Smad and TAK family and the modulation of these signals by cross-talk and integration with other signaling pathways.
Publication types
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
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Review
MeSH terms
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Alkaline Phosphatase / biosynthesis
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Alkaline Phosphatase / genetics
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Animals
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Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors
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Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / physiology*
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Calcitriol / physiology
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Cartilage / embryology*
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Cartilage / growth & development
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Cell Differentiation
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Chondrocytes / metabolism
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Embryonic and Fetal Development
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Extremities / embryology
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Feedback
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Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
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Growth Plate / growth & development
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Hedgehog Proteins
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MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases / physiology
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MAP Kinase Signaling System
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Mesoderm / cytology
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Mice
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Mice, Inbred C3H
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Mice, Knockout
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Models, Biological
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Multigene Family
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Osteoblasts / metabolism
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Osteogenesis / physiology*
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Proto-Oncogene Proteins / physiology
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Receptor Tyrosine Kinase-like Orphan Receptors
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Receptors, Cell Surface / drug effects
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Receptors, Cell Surface / physiology
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Receptors, Growth Factor*
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Signal Transduction / physiology*
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Somites / physiology
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Stem Cells / cytology
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Trans-Activators / physiology
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Transcription Factors / physiology
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Wnt Proteins
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Zebrafish Proteins*
Substances
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Bone Morphogenetic Proteins
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Hedgehog Proteins
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Proto-Oncogene Proteins
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Receptors, Cell Surface
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Receptors, Growth Factor
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Trans-Activators
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Transcription Factors
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Wnt Proteins
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Zebrafish Proteins
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ROR2 protein, human
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Receptor Tyrosine Kinase-like Orphan Receptors
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MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases
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MAP kinase kinase kinase 7
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Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors
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Alkaline Phosphatase
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Calcitriol