Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) belongs to a large family of multifunctional growth factors that regulate a broad spectrum of biological activities involved in morphogenesis, development, and differentiation. The current study was designed to investigate the effects of TGF-beta genes on chicken growth and body composition traits. The Iowa Growth and Composition Resource Population was established by crossing broiler sires with dams from two unrelated highly inbred lines (Leghorn and Fayoumi). The F1 birds were intercrossed, within dam line, to produce two related F2 populations. Body weight and body composition traits were measured in the F2 population. Primers for TGF-beta2, TGF-beta3, and TGF-beta4 were designed from database chicken sequence. Polymorphisms between parental lines were detected by DNA sequencing, and PCR-RFLP methods were then developed to screen the F2 population. The TGF-beta2 polymorphisms between broiler and Leghorn and the TGF-beta4 polymorphism between broiler and Fayoumi were associated with traits of skeletal integrity, such as tibia length, bone mineral content, bone mineral density, and the percentage of each measure to BW. The TGF-beta3 polymorphism between broilers and Leghorns was associated with traits of growth and body composition, such as BW, average daily gain, weight of breast muscle, abdominal fat pad and spleen, as well as the percentage of these organ weights to BW, and the percentage of shank weight and length to BW. The current research supports the broad effects of TGF-beta genes on growth and development of chickens.