Abstract
Vascular calcification is a major risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. To develop appropriate prevention and/or therapeutic strategies for vascular calcification, it is important to understand the origins of the cells that participate in this process. In this report, we used the SM22-Cre recombinase and Rosa26-LacZ alleles to genetically trace cells derived from smooth muscle. We found that smooth muscle cells (SMCs) gave rise to osteochondrogenic precursor- and chondrocyte-like cells in calcified blood vessels of matrix Gla protein deficient (MGP(-/-)) mice. This lineage reprogramming of SMCs occurred before calcium deposition and was associated with an early onset of Runx2/Cbfa1 expression and the downregulation of myocardin and Msx2. There was no change in the constitutive expression of Sox9 or bone morphogenetic protein 2. Osterix, Wnt3a, and Wnt7a mRNAs were not detected in either calcified MGP(-/-) or noncalcified wild-type (MGP(+/+)) vessels. Finally, mechanistic studies in vitro suggest that Erk signaling might be required for SMC transdifferentiation under calcifying conditions. These results provide strong support for the hypothesis that adult SMCs can transdifferentiate and that SMC transdifferentiation is an important process driving vascular calcification and the appearance of skeletal elements in calcified vascular lesions.
Publication types
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Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
MeSH terms
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Animals
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Arteries / metabolism*
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Arteries / pathology
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Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 / genetics
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Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 / metabolism
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Calcinosis / genetics
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Calcinosis / metabolism*
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Calcinosis / pathology
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Cell Dedifferentiation / genetics
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Chondrocytes / metabolism*
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Chondrocytes / pathology
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Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit / genetics
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Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit / metabolism
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Down-Regulation / genetics
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Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / genetics
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Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / metabolism
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Homeodomain Proteins / genetics
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Homeodomain Proteins / metabolism
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Humans
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MAP Kinase Signaling System / genetics
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Mice
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Mice, Knockout
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Mice, Mutant Strains
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Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / metabolism*
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Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / pathology
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Proteins / genetics
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Proteins / metabolism
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RNA, Messenger / genetics
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RNA, Messenger / metabolism
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SOX9 Transcription Factor / genetics
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SOX9 Transcription Factor / metabolism
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Sp7 Transcription Factor
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Stem Cells / metabolism*
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Stem Cells / pathology
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Transcription Factors / genetics
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Transcription Factors / metabolism
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Vascular Diseases / genetics
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Vascular Diseases / metabolism*
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Vascular Diseases / pathology
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Wnt Proteins / genetics
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Wnt Proteins / metabolism
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Wnt3 Protein
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Wnt3A Protein
Substances
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Bmp2 protein, mouse
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Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2
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Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit
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Homeodomain Proteins
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MSX2 protein
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Proteins
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RNA, Messenger
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Runx2 protein, mouse
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SOX9 Transcription Factor
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Sox9 protein, mouse
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Sp7 Transcription Factor
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Sp7 protein, mouse
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Transcription Factors
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WNT3A protein, human
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Wnt Proteins
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Wnt3 Protein
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Wnt3A Protein
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Wnt3a protein, mouse
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Wnt7a protein, mouse
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granuloma protein, mouse
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Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases