Purpose: Several nutrients act as phytoestrogens, being anti-adipogenic when consumed with a fat-rich diet. Their effect on a low-fat diet (LFD) background is unknown. We tested soy and genistein effects on adipose tissue in LFD-fed mice and genistein activity in the 3T3-L1 adipogenesis model.
Methods: C57BL/6 J male mice were fed an 8.5% soy-supplemented LFD (SS-LFD) or a soy-free LFD (SF-LFD) for 147 days. Groups of 3-week-old (pubertal) and 6-week-old (adult) mice on the SF-LFD were also treated with 17ß-estradiol (E2, 5 µg/kg/day) ip or pure genistein (5 mg/kg/day) by gavage for 15 days. Body fat deposition and gene expression profiles were evaluated. E2 and genistein effects on ERα, ERβ and PPARγ transcriptional activities were characterized in ERα- or ERβ-transfected 3T3L1 cells during differentiation, by the use of reporter plasmids.
Results: The SS-LFD group increased fat mass compared with the SF-LFD group. Genistein alone increased while E2 decreased fat pads in the 15-day-treated mice. In visceral fat, genistein differentially regulated 13 metabolic pathways compared to E2. PPARγ-controlled genes were downregulated by E2, while they were upregulated by genistein. In 3T3-L1 cells, genistein activated ERβ-driven transcription, differentiation and lipid accumulation, while inhibited ERα-driven transcription, without effects on lipid accumulation. E2 activated both ERs only in preadipocytes. In differentiated untransfected cells, genistein inhibited PPARγ, while activated PPARγ in the presence of ERβ.
Conclusions: Soy and genistein at nutritional doses induce fat development in LFD-fed mice and adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells, with a mechanism that involves, at least in vitro, ERβ and is dependent on cell differentiation stage.
Keywords: Adipocyte differentiation; Adipose deposition; Estrogen receptors; Phytoestrogens.