Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia cells devoid of BTKC481S or CXCR4WHIM-like mutations acquire resistance to ibrutinib through upregulation of Bcl-2 and AKT resulting in vulnerability towards venetoclax or MK2206 treatment

Blood Cancer J. 2017 May 26;7(5):e565. doi: 10.1038/bcj.2017.40.

Abstract

Although ibrutinib is highly effective in Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (WM), no complete remissions in WM patients treated with ibrutinib have been reported to date. Moreover, ibrutinib-resistant disease is being steadily reported and is associated with dismal clinical outcome (overall survival of 2.9-3.1 months). To understand mechanisms of ibrutinib resistance in WM, we established ibrutinib-resistant in vitro models using validated WM cell lines. Characterization of these models revealed the absence of BTKC481S and CXCR4WHIM-like mutations. BTK-mediated signaling was found to be highly attenuated accompanied by a shift in PI3K/AKT and apoptosis regulation-associated genes/proteins. Cytotoxicity studies using the AKT inhibitor, MK2206±ibrutinib, and the Bcl-2-specific inhibitor, venetoclax±ibrutinib, demonstrated synergistic loss of cell viability when either MK22016 or venetoclax were used in combination with ibrutinib. Our findings demonstrate that induction of ibrutinib resistance in WM cells can arise independent of BTKC481S and CXCR4WHIM-like mutations and sustained pressure from ibrutinib appears to activate compensatory AKT signaling as well as reshuffling of Bcl-2 family proteins for maintenance of cell survival. Combination treatment demonstrated greater (and synergistic) antitumor effect and provides rationale for development of therapeutic strategies encompassing venetoclax+ibrutinib or PI3K/AKT inhibitors+ibrutinib in ibrutinib-resistant WM.

MeSH terms

  • Adenine / analogs & derivatives
  • Agammaglobulinaemia Tyrosine Kinase
  • Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic / pharmacology*
  • Cell Line, Tumor
  • Drug Resistance, Neoplasm* / drug effects
  • Drug Resistance, Neoplasm* / genetics
  • Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / drug effects*
  • Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / genetics
  • Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring / pharmacology*
  • Humans
  • Mutation, Missense*
  • Piperidines
  • Protein-Tyrosine Kinases* / genetics
  • Protein-Tyrosine Kinases* / metabolism
  • Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / biosynthesis*
  • Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / genetics
  • Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / biosynthesis*
  • Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / genetics
  • Pyrazoles / pharmacology*
  • Pyrimidines / pharmacology*
  • Receptors, CXCR4* / genetics
  • Receptors, CXCR4* / metabolism
  • Sulfonamides / pharmacology*
  • Up-Regulation / drug effects*
  • Up-Regulation / genetics
  • Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia* / drug therapy
  • Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia* / genetics
  • Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia* / metabolism
  • Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia* / pathology

Substances

  • BCL2 protein, human
  • Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic
  • CXCR4 protein, human
  • Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring
  • MK 2206
  • Piperidines
  • Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2
  • Pyrazoles
  • Pyrimidines
  • Receptors, CXCR4
  • Sulfonamides
  • ibrutinib
  • Protein-Tyrosine Kinases
  • Agammaglobulinaemia Tyrosine Kinase
  • BTK protein, human
  • Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt
  • Adenine
  • venetoclax