Thyroid cancer stem-like cell exosomes: regulation of EMT via transfer of lncRNAs

Lab Invest. 2018 Sep;98(9):1133-1142. doi: 10.1038/s41374-018-0065-0. Epub 2018 Jul 2.

Abstract

Thyroid cancers are the most common endocrine malignancy and approximately 2% of thyroid cancers are anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC), one of the most lethal and treatment resistant human cancers. Cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) may initiate tumorigenesis, induce resistance to chemotherapy and radiation therapy, have multipotent capability and may be responsible for recurrent and metastatic disease. The production of CSCs has been linked to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the acquisition of stemness. Exosomes are small (30-150 nm) membranous vesicles secreted by most cells that play a significant role in cell-to-cell communication. Many non-coding RNAs (ncRNA), such as long-non-coding RNAs (lncRNA), can initiate tumorigenesis and the EMT process. Exosomes carry ncRNAs to local and distant cell populations. This study examines secreted exosomes from two in vitro cell culture models; an EMT model and a CSC model. The EMT was induced in a papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) cell line by TGFβ1 treatment. Exosomes from this model were isolated and cultured with naïve PTC cells and examined for EMT induction. In the CSC model, exosomes were isolated from a CSC clonal line, cultured with a normal thyroid cell line and examined for EMT induction. The EMT exosomes transferred the lncRNA MALAT1 and EMT effectors SLUG and SOX2; however, EMT was not induced in this model. The exosomes from the CSC model also transferred the lncRNA MALAT1 and the transcription factors SLUG and SOX2 but additionally transferred linc-ROR and induced EMT in the normal thyroid cells. Preliminary siRNA studies directed towards linc-ROR reduced invasion. We hypothesize that CSC exosomes transfer lncRNAs, importantly linc-ROR, to induce EMT and inculcate the local tumor microenvironment and the distant metastatic niche. Therapies directed towards CSCs, their exosomes and/or the lncRNAs they carry may reduce a tumor's metastatic capacity.

Publication types

  • Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Cell Line, Tumor
  • Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition / drug effects
  • Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition / genetics*
  • Exosomes / genetics
  • Exosomes / pathology
  • Humans
  • Models, Biological
  • Neoplastic Stem Cells / pathology*
  • RNA, Long Noncoding / genetics*
  • SOXB1 Transcription Factors / genetics
  • Snail Family Transcription Factors / genetics
  • Spheroids, Cellular / pathology
  • Thyroid Neoplasms / genetics*
  • Thyroid Neoplasms / pathology*
  • Transforming Growth Factor beta / pharmacology

Substances

  • MALAT1 long non-coding RNA, human
  • RNA, Long Noncoding
  • SNAI1 protein, human
  • SOX2 protein, human
  • SOXB1 Transcription Factors
  • Snail Family Transcription Factors
  • Transforming Growth Factor beta