SRA

Habitat disturbance, a common consequence of anthropogenic land use practices, creates human-animal interfaces where humans, wildlife, and domestic species can interact. These altered habitats can influence host-microbe dynamics, leading to potential downstream effects on host physiology and health. Here, we explored the effect of ecological overlap with humans and domestic species, a proxy for habitat disturbance, and infection with the protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis on the bacteria of black and gold howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya), a key sentinel species, in northeastern Argentina. Fecal samples were screened for Giardia duodenalis infection using a nested PCR reaction, and the gut bacterial community was characterized using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Habitat type was correlated with variation in A. caraya gut bacterial community composition but did not affect gut bacterial diversity. Giardia presence did not have a universal effect on A. caraya gut bacteria across habitats, perhaps due to the high infection prevalence across all habitats. However, some bacterial taxa, such as Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Lachnospiraceae, were found to vary with Giardia infection. While their behavioral plasticity and dietary flexibility allow A. caraya to exploit a range of habitat conditions, habitats are generally becoming more anthropogenically disturbed, and thus, less hospitable. Alterations in gut bacterial community dynamics are one possible indicator that A. caraya may be reaching its physiological limits for plasticity since changes in host-gut microbial relationships due to stressors from habitat disturbance may lead to negative repercussions for host health. These dynamics are likely relevant for understanding organism responses to environmental change in other primates, and mammals more generally.