The use of antioxidants in sports is controversial due to existing evidence that they both support and hinder athletic performance. Antioxidants in Sport Nutrition covers antioxidant use in the athlete’s basic nutrition and discusses the controversies surrounding the usefulness of antioxidant supplementation. The book also stresses how antioxidants may affect immunity, health, and exercise performance.

The book contains scientifically based chapters explaining the basic mechanisms of exercise-induced oxidative damage. Also covered are methodological approaches to assess the effectiveness of antioxidant treatment. Biomarkers are discussed as a method to estimate the bioefficacy of dietary/supplemental antioxidants in sports.

This book is useful for sport nutrition scientists, physicians, exercise physiologists, product developers, sport practitioners, coaches, top athletes, and recreational athletes. In it, they will find objective information and practical guidance.

Contents

• Preface
• Editor
• Contributors
• 1. Mechanisms of Oxidative Damage and Their Impact on Contracting Muscle
  Chad M Kerksick and Micah Zuhl.
  • 1.1 INTRODUCTION
  • 1.2 PRIMARY CELLULAR SYSTEMS OF RADICAL GENERATION
  • 1.3 ROS IN CARDIAC PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  • 1.4 ROS IN SKELETAL MUSCLE
  • 1.5 CONCLUSION
  • REFERENCES
• 2. Nutritional Antioxidants: It Is Time to Categorise
  Aalt Bast and Guido R.M.M Haenen.
  • 2.1 INTRODUCTION
  • 2.2 WHAT IS AN ANTIOXIDANT?
  • 2.3 CHANGING VIEWS ON HEALTH EFFECTS OF ANTIOXIDANTS IN TIME
  • 2.4 THE ANTIOXIDANT HYDROXYTYROSOL IN EXERCISE
  • 2.5 CONCLUSION
  • REFERENCES
• 3. Antioxidants in Athlete’s Basic Nutrition: Considerations towards a Guideline for the Intake of Vitamin C and Vitamin E
  Oliver Neubauer and Christina Yfanti.
  • 3.1 INTRODUCTION: ANTIOXIDANTS—A REMAINING HOT TOPIC IN SPORT NUTRITION
  • 3.2 OVERVIEW ON BASIC MECHANISMS OF EXERCISE-INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS
  • 3.3 OVERVIEW ON ANTIOXIDANT DEFENCE SYSTEMS, AND THE ROLE OF RONS AS SIGNALLING MOLECULES FOR ENDOGENOUS ANTIOXIDANT DEFENCES
  • 3.4 OVERVIEW ON STUDIES ON ANTIOXIDANT SUPPLEMENTATION IN EXERCISE TRAINING
  • 3.5 IMPLICATIONS FOR ANTIOXIDANT INTAKE IN ATHLETES IN BASIC NUTRITION WITH PARTICULAR FOCUS ON VITAMINS C AND E
  • 3.6 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS ON THE INTAKE OF ANTIOXIDANTS IN THE ATHLETE’S BASIC NUTRITION
  • DISCLOSURES
  • ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
  • REFERENCES
• 4. Antioxidants in Sport Nutrition: All the Same Effectiveness?
  Karl-Heinz Wagner.
  • 4.1 BASIC MECHANISMS OF OXIDATIVE DAMAGE
  • 4.2 SHORT LOOK ON THE ANTIOXIDANT DEFENCE MECHANISMS
  • 4.3 ANTIOXIDANT SUPPLEMENTATION AND EXERCISE-INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS: A CONTROVERSY
  • 4.4 SPECIFIC LOOK ON THE MAIN ANTIOXIDANTS AND THEIR ACTION
  • 4.5 SUMMARY
  • REFERENCES
• 5. Well-Known Antioxidants and Newcomers in Sport Nutrition: Coenzyme Q10, Quercetin, Resveratrol, Pterostilbene, Pycnogenol and Astaxanthin
  Muaz Belviranli and Nilsel Okudan.
  • 5.1 INTRODUCTION
  • 5.2 COENZYME Q10
  • 5.3 QUERCETIN
  • 5.4 RESVERATROL
  • 5.5 PTEROSTILBENE
  • 5.6 PYCNOGENOL
  • 5.7 ASTAXANTHIN
  • 5.8 CONCLUSION
  • REFERENCES
• 6. Polyphenols in Sport: Facts or Fads?
  Francesco Visioli.
  • 6.1 INTRODUCTION
  • 6.2 WHY SHOULD WE INGEST ANTIOXIDANTS?
  • 6.3 ANTIOXIDANTS ARE GOOD FOR OUR HEALTH, RIGHT?
  • 6.4 WHAT ARE POLYPHENOLS?
  • 6.5 POLYPHENOLS: MUCH MORE THAN ANTIOXIDANTS (IN FACT, THEY PROBABLY ARE WEAK ANTIOXIDANTS ONCE INGESTED)
  • 6.6 POLYPHENOLS IN SPORT: A REVIEW OF THE CURRENT EVIDENCE
  • 6.7 CONCLUSIONS
  • REFERENCES
• 7. Supplemental Antioxidants and Adaptation to Physical Training
  Micah Gross and Oliver Baum.
  • 7.1 INTRODUCTION
  • 7.2 FREE RADICAL PRODUCTION IN SKELETAL MUSCLE
  • 7.3 NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF FREE RADICALS
  • 7.4 SIGNALLING FUNCTIONS OF FREE RADICALS
  • 7.5 EFFECTS OF SUPPLEMENTAL ANTIOXIDANTS ON TRAINING ADAPTATIONS
  • 7.6 CONCLUSIONS
  • REFERENCES
• 8. Green Tea Catechins and Sport Performance
  Ewa Jówko.
  • 8.1 INTRODUCTION
  • 8.2 EFFECTS OF GTCs ON BODY WEIGHT
  • 8.3 MECHANISMS OF ACTION OF GTCs ON WEIGHT LOSS
  • 8.4 GTCs AND SPORT PERFORMANCE
  • 8.5 CONCLUSION
  • REFERENCES
• 9. Acute and Chronic Effects of Antioxidant Supplementation on Exercise Performance
  David J Bentley, James Ackerman, Tom Clifford, and Katie S Slattery.
  • 9.1 INTRODUCTION
  • 9.2 REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES, EXERCISE PERFORMANCE AND FATIGUE
  • 9.3 ANTIOXIDANT SUPPLEMENTATION AND EXERCISE ADAPTATION
  • 9.4 SPECIFIC TYPES OF ANTIOXIDANT COMPOUNDS AND EXERCISE
  • 9.5 SUMMARY
  • REFERENCES
• 10. Evaluation of Quercetin as a Countermeasure to Exercise-Induced Physiological Stress
  Manuela Konrad and David C Nieman.
  • 10.1 INTRODUCTION
  • 10.2 ABSORPTION, BIOAVAILABILITY AND METABOLISM OF QUERCETIN
  • 10.3 QUERCETIN AND SAFETY
  • 10.4 ROLE OF SUPPLEMENTATION TO COUNTER OXIDATIVE STRESS
  • 10.5 QUERCETIN AS AN IMMUNE BOOSTER
  • 10.6 DURATION AND AMOUNT OF SUPPLEMENTATION
  • 10.7 NECESSITY OF SUPPLEMENTATION
  • 10.8 EFFECTS OF QUERCETIN ON PERFORMANCE
  • 10.9 SUMMARY
  • REFERENCES
• 11. Inflammation and Immune Function: Can Antioxidants Help the Endurance Athlete?
  Lisa J Elkington, Maree Gleeson, David B Pyne, Robin Callister, and Lisa G Wood.
  • 11.1 INTRODUCTION
  • 11.2 ENDURANCE TRAINING AND OXIDATIVE STRESS
  • 11.3 IMPORTANCE OF ANTIOXIDANTS
  • 11.4 ENDURANCE EXERCISE AND SYMPTOMS OF RESPIRATORY ILLNESS
  • 11.5 ANTIOXIDANTS AND RESPIRATORY ILLNESS
  • 11.6 EFFECTS OF INFLAMMATION ON PERFORMANCE, RECOVERY AND ADAPTATION
  • 11.7 ANTIOXIDANT STUDIES IN ATHLETES
  • 11.8 DIETARY VERSUS SUPPLEMENT SOURCES OF ANTIOXIDANTS
  • 11.9 ULTRA-ENDURANCE EVENTS
  • 11.10 ALTITUDE TRAINING
  • 11.11 SUMMARY
  • REFERENCES
• 12. Influence of Mixed Fruit and Vegetable Concentrates on Redox Homeostasis and Immune System of Exercising People
  Manfred Lamprecht, Georg Obermayer, and Werner Seebauer.
  • 12.1 INTRODUCTION
  • 12.2 CAN SUPPLEMENTATION WITH MIXED FRUIT AND VEGETABLE CONCENTRATES MODULATE REDOX HOMEOSTASIS IN EXERCISING PEOPLE?
  • 12.3 CAN SUPPLEMENTATION WITH MIXED FRUIT AND VEGETABLE CONCENTRATES MODULATE THE IMMUNE SYSTEM OF EXERCISING PEOPLE?
  • 12.4 HOW CAN SPORT NUTRITION ADVISORS DECIDE WHETHER OR NOT TO SUPPLEMENT WITH MIXED FV CONCENTRATES?
  • 12.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS
  • REFERENCES
• 13. Methodological Considerations When Evaluating the Effectiveness of Dietary/Supplemental Antioxidants in Sport
  Martin Burtscher, Dominik Pesta, Dietmar Fuchs, Maximilian Ledochowski, and Hannes Gatterer.
  • 13.1 INTRODUCTION
  • 13.2 HOW TO OBTAIN THE TRUTH
  • 13.3 TYPES OF STUDIES AND THEIR CONCLUSIVENESS AND LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
  • 13.4 EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE OR EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE
  • 13.5 GENERAL ASPECTS AND CRITICAL VIEW REGARDING EFFECTS OF ANTIOXIDANT SUPPLEMENTATION ON HEALTH BENEFITS AND FAVOURABLE ADAPTATIONS IN RESPONSE TO PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
  • 13.6 STUDIES OF ANTIOXIDANTS AND EXERCISE PERFORMANCE: WHAT IS THE SUPPORTIVE EVIDENCE?
  • 13.7 TYPICAL FLAWS AND PITFALLS OF STUDIES
  • 13.8 APPROPRIATE STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS TO ASSESS THE EFFECTS OF ANTIOXIDANTS ON EXERCISE PERFORMANCE
  • 13.9 CONCLUSION
  • REFERENCES
• 14. Common Questions and Tentative Answers on How to Assess Oxidative Stress after Antioxidant Supplementation and Exercise
  Michalis G Nikolaidis, Nikos V Margaritelis, Vassilis Paschalis, Anastasios A Theodorou, Antonios Kyparos, and Ioannis S Vrabas.
  • 14.1 INTRODUCTION
  • 14.2 QUESTION 1: WHICH REDOX BIOMARKERS TO MEASURE?
  • 14.3 QUESTION 2: HOW MANY REDOX BIOMARKERS TO MEASURE?
  • 14.4 QUESTION 3: WHICH BODY FLUID TO COLLECT?
  • 14.5 QUESTION 4: WHICH TYPE OF EXERCISE TO APPLY?
  • 14.6 QUESTION 5: WHEN TO COLLECT BODY FLUIDS AFTER EXERCISE?
  • 14.7 QUESTION 6: HOW TO CHOOSE AN ANTIOXIDANT MOLECULE?
  • 14.8 QUESTION 7: WHICH DOSE OF THE ANTIOXIDANT MOLECULE TO ADMINISTER?
  • 14.9 QUESTION 8: WHEN TO ADMINISTER THE ANTIOXIDANT MOLECULE?
  • 14.10 CONCLUSIONS
  • REFERENCES
• 15. Biomarkers Part I: Biomarkers to Estimate Bioefficacy of Dietary/Supplemental Antioxidants in Sport
  Joachim F Greilberger, Michaela Greilberger, and Radovan Djukic.
  • 15.1 INTRODUCTION
  • 15.2 BLOOD PROTEIN MODIFICATION AS A BIOMARKER FOR BIOEFFICACY
  • 15.3 BLOOD LIPID PEROXIDATION MODIFICATION AS A BIOMARKER FOR BIOEFFICACY
  • 15.4 BLOOD ANTIOXIDATIVE CAPACITY AS A BIOMARKER FOR BIOEFFICACY
  • 15.5 BLOOD DNA DAMAGE AS A BIOMARKER FOR BIOEFFICACY
  • 15.6 CONCLUSION
  • REFERENCES
• 16. Biomarkers Part II: Biomarkers to Estimate Bioefficacy of Dietary/Supplemental Antioxidants in Sport
  Cristina Vassalle, Alessandro Pingitore, Rachele De Giuseppe, Luisella Vigna, and Fabrizia Bamonti.
  • 16.1 INTRODUCTION
  • 16.2 EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON HEALTH: GOOD AND BAD OF TRAINING
  • 16.3 AVAILABLE BIOMARKERS OF OXIDATIVE STRESS
  • 16.4 HYPER-HOMOCYSTEINEMIA
  • 16.5 SUPPLEMENTAL ANTIOXIDANTS, HEALTH AND RISK
  • 16.6 ANTIOXIDANT SUPPLEMENTATION IN EXERCISE: LIMITS AND CONSIDERATIONS
  • 16.7 VITAMIN D: TO BE SUPPLEMENTED OR NOT TO BE SUPPLEMENTED?
  • 16.8 DIET: THE IMPORTANCE OF BEING HEALTHY
  • 16.9 CONCLUSIONS
  • REFERENCES