| 6MWD | Changes in 6 Minutes’ Walk Distance (6MWD) over the study period | Values are given in metres | The longer the distance in the 6MWD, the higher the performance |
| ABP | The Asthma Bother Profile (ABP) is a 23-item self-administered questionnaire (Hyland et al.162) designed to measure level of distress caused by asthma. It covers two domains: distress and asthma management measured with a unidimensional scale | 6-point Likert scale with 0 (no) and 5 (yes); with use of 0–5 scale. All scores are added up with a maximum of 75 and minimum of 0 | Higher scores indicate higher distress caused by asthma |
| ABS | The Affects Balance Scale (ABS; Bradburn163) is a self-reported measure, which rates the degree to which participants experienced 20 positive and 20 negative emotions during the past week through two subscales: Positive Affect Scale (PAS) and Negative Affect Scale (NAS). It is a 10-item outcome measure: it contains five statements reflecting positive feelings and five statements reflecting negative feelings | An affect balance score is calculated based on the difference between the number of yes responses to positive-feeling questions minus the number of yes responses to negative-feeling questions | The greater the score difference, the higher the affect unbalance |
| Abdominal pain frequency | Stomach pain frequency was rated when it was sufficiently bad not to pursue with normal activity | From 0 to 5
With 0 (not at all), 1 (once), 2 (once a week), 3 (about two or three times a week), 4 (about every other day), 5 (every day) | Higher scores indicate more frequency of abdominal pain |
| ACT | The Asthma Control Test (ACT), a five-question survey (with 4-week recall) on symptoms and daily functioning, which is self-administered by the patient to measure asthma control in individuals of ≥ 12 years. The survey measures the elements of asthma control as defined by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute: frequency of shortness of breath and general asthma symptoms, use of rescue medications, the effect of asthma on daily functioning, and overall self-assessment of asthma control. ACT is clinically validated by specialist assessment and spirometry (www.thoracic.org/assemblies/srn/questionaires/act.php) | 5-point scale for symptoms and activities from 1 (all the time) to 5 (not at all); for asthma control rating from 1 (not controlled at all) to 5 (completely controlled). The scores range from 5 (poor control of asthma) to 25 (complete control of asthma) | Higher scores reflecting greater asthma control. An ACT score of > 19 indicates well-controlled asthma |
| Adherence | Self-reported adherence in the study by Mann72 was measured using the general measure of adherence from the RAND Medical Outcomes Study. It consists of five items | 6-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (none of the time) to 6 (all of the time) | NA |
| ADSEI | An adult version (Ryden164) of the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory (SEI; Coopersmith165): test–retest reliability and social desirability
The Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory (SEI): 58 short statements that are answered by checking the box like me or unlike me. These items consist of 50 self-esteem items and eight items that compose a lie scale, anxiety, depression, behavioural problems and physical well-being | The test has a built-in lie scale that helps to determine if the participant is trying too hard to appear to have high self-esteem | The higher the number of like me, the greater the participant’s self-reports are markedly influenced by the social desirability factor |
| AEE | The Ambivalence Emotional Expression (AEE; King and Emmons166) Questionnaire is a 28-item questionnaire used to assess the extent to which participants feel uncomfortable or regret expressing their emotions (e.g. I’d like to talk about my problems with others but at times I just cannot, I feel guilty after I have expressed anger to someone) | The test predicts more benefit from disclosure | NA |
| AIMS2 | The Arthritis Impact Measurement Scale-2 (AIMS2) is a 28-item scale that surveys the effects of arthritis on multiple domains of functioning during the previous month. It uses six subscales: mobility level (e.g. you were in bed or chair for most of the day), walking and bending (e.g. you had trouble either bending, lifting, or stooping), hand and finger function, arm function, self-care tasks, and household tasks. In the study by Lumley et al.115 they analyse two scales: (1) physical dysfunction, which assesses dysfunction in mobility, walking/bending, hand and finger function, arm functioning, ability to perform household tasks, and self-care; and (2) affective disturbance, which assesses both anxious and depressive symptoms | 5-point scale with respect to the frequency (number of days in a week) that a particular behaviour or symptom was experienced from 1 (all days) to 5 (no days). Ratings are averaged | Higher scores indicate greater dysfunction |
| AIMS2: lack of social support subscale | The 4-item subscale from the AIMS2 assesses one’s perceptions that family and friends are available if needed, are sensitive to needs, interested in helping, and understand the effects of the FM. Items were rated regarding how frequently support is available | From 1 (all days) to 5 (no days) and averaged | Higher values indicate less social support |
| AIMS2: pain subscale | The 5-item pain subscale from the AIMS2, a widely-used instrument that measures health status in rheumatic diseases during the past month. Items were worded for FM rather than arthritis (e.g. you had severe pain from your FM) | 5-point scale from 1 (all days) to 5 (no days), reverse scored and averaged | Higher values indicate more pain |
| AIMS2 for physical dysfunction | The AIMS2 was used and assessed 28 items from six subscales: mobility level (you were in bed or chair for most of the day), walking and bending (you had trouble either bending, lifting, or stooping), hand and finger function, arm function, self-care tasks and household tasks | 5-point scale from 1 (all days) to 5 (no days) and scored | Higher scores indicate greater physical dysfunction |
| ARS-20 | The Assertiveness/Responsiveness scale (ARS-20; Richmond and McCroskey167) is a 20-item scale consisting of two subscales, one for each trait, with 10 items each | Both scales ask respondents to rate how much they identify with a list of representative behaviours. Behaviours for the Assertiveness scale include items like defend own beliefs and have strong personality, whereas items from the Responsiveness scale include items such as sympathetic and sensitive to the needs of others | Higher scores indicate greater levels |
| ASS | The Asthma Sum Scale (ASS) is a 9-item scale used to report both asthma and nasal or allergy symptoms during the past 2 weeks | 5-point scale from 0 (none) to 4 (severe) | Higher scores indicate greater symptoms |
| BA use | Beta-agonist use, measured as puffs per day | Numbers of puffs per day were summed up | Higher number of puffs indicated greater symptoms |
| BAI | The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI; Beck and Steer168) is a 21-item self-report measure that uses a 4-point Likert scale with ratings from not at all to severely to measure physical and cognitive symptoms of anxiety | Each BAI item is rated on a 4-point scale: 0 (not at all) to 3 (severely, I could barely stand it) | Higher total scores indicate more severe anxiety symptoms |
| BAS-G | The Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Global Score (BAS-G; Jones et al.169) requires patients to respond to two questions regarding the effect of their disease on their health: over the past week, and over the past 6 months. Responses to these scales are indicated by marking a line on a 100-mm VAS | Scale 0–10 VAS, best 10
Total score range from 0 to 10 | Higher scores indicate greater effect of AS on the patient’s life |
| BASDAI | The Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) comprises six questions relating to individual domains of fatigue, spinal pain, joint pain and symptoms, together with perception of pain relating to bony areas of the body and to morning stiffness
BASFI comprises 10 questions regarding function in AS and ability to meet the physical demands of everyday life. Responses to these scales are indicated by marking a line on a 100-mm VAS | Scale 0–10 VAS, best 10
Total score ranges from 0 to 10 | Higher scores indicate higher levels of disease activity |
| BASFI | The Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Functional Index (BASFI; Calin et al.170). Responses to these scales are indicated by marking a line on a 100-mm VAS | Scale 0–10 VAS, best 10
Total score range from 0 to 10 | Higher scores indicate to greater limitation of function |
| BDI | The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI; Beck et al.171). The full BDI has 21 items, which stress cognitive symptoms of depression, each with four Guttman-type responses choices in the form of statements, ranked in order of severity. In some categories, two alternative statements are assigned the same score | Scale 0–3, reflecting severity
Total scores range from 0 to 63 | Higher total scores indicate more severe depressive symptoms |
| BDI-II | The revised Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II; Beck et al.172) is a 21-item self-report measure incorporating cognitive, affective and somatic aspects of depressed mood. In this revised version, there is one alternative score for each level (so no statement is assigned the same weight) | Four alternatives for the 21 items ranging from 0 (low) to 3 (high). Total scores range from 0 to 63 | Higher total scores indicate more severe depressive symptoms |
| BDI-SF | The short 13-item version of Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-SF; Beck et al.173 and Furlanetto et al.174) measures depressive symptoms during the last 7 days | NA | Higher total scores indicate more severe depressive symptoms |
| BFI | The Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI; Mendoza et al.175) is a 10-item questionnaire asking participants to rate the severity of their fatigue and the degree to which it interferes with their lives. BFI has been specifically developed for cancer patient populations | Response to the first question, ‘Are you usually tired?’ is either yes or no. The remaining nine items are measured on a 11-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (no fatigue) to 10 (worst that you can even imagine). Individual scores are added up in a total score | Higher scores indicate worse fatigue, and a score of > 3 indicates clinically significant fatigue |
| BITE | The Bulimia Investigatory Test Edinburgh (BITE; Henderson and Freeman176). This 33-item scale provides a rating of symptoms of BN and BED, and has a symptom and severity subscale. BITE was used to measure symptoms over the past month, as a response to treatment. The symptom scale comprised 27 items and the severity scale comprised three items |
Items 1, 13, 21, 23 and 31 in the symptom scale scored one point for a no response and the remaining 25 items scored one point for a yes response. The maximum possible score is 30 Items 6, 7 and 27 constitute the severity scale. The total score is the sum of the numbers corresponding to the circled responses
Scorers on this scale can be subdivided into three main groups: high scorers with a score of ≥ 20, medium scorers with a score of 10–19, and low scorers with a score of < 10 |
A symptom score of > 20 indicates a highly disordered eating pattern and the presence of binge eating A symptom score in the medium range (10–19) suggests an unusual eating pattern but not meeting criteria for a diagnosis of bulimia A symptom score in the 15–19 range may well reflect a subclinical group of binge-eaters, either in the initial stages of the disorder or a recovered bulimic A symptom score in the low range (0–10) falls within normal limits A severity score of > 5 is clinically significant A severity score of > 10 indicates high degree of severity
|
| BMI | In the study by Taylor et al.,89 the body mass index (BMI) was recorded as kg body weight (kg)/height (m2) | NA | A reduction in the BMI indicated disease progression and/or exacerbation |
| BPI | The Brief Pain Inventory (BPI), short form, is a 11-item self-report rating scale using simple numeric rating scales to assess the severity of pain (four questions) and impact of pain (seven questions) | From 0 to 10 | Higher scores indicate greater pain |
| Brief COPE | The Brief COPE is a 28-item measure of 14 coping responses (Carver177). The responses can be categorised as adaptive coping (e.g. active coping, planning, use of emotional support) and maladaptive coping (e.g. denial, self-blame and behavioural disengagement) | 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (I haven’t been doing this at all) to 5 (I have been doing this a lot)
Items are calculated into 14 separate indices | Higher scores indicate greater active coping |
| Brief POMS | The Brief Profile of Mood States (Brief POMS) provides a summary measure of distress or mood. The original 65-item POMS has been widely used with cancer patients | 5-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (not at all); 1 (a little); 2 (moderately); 3 (quite a bit); 4 (extremely) | Higher scores indicate higher distress |
| BSCS | The Brief Substance Craving Scale (BSCS) is a 12-item self-report instrument assessing intensity, frequency and length of craving over a 24-hour period for substances of abuse. Each of the three items is related to the intensity, frequency and length of craving during the prior 24 hours. In Grasing et al.,90 the reductions in craving intensity were measured and those are calculated by subtracting baseline measures recorded during screening from results obtained at the initial outpatient visit | 5-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (not at all) to 4 (extremely). The total score ranges from 0 to 12 | Higher scores indicate higher craving |
| BSI | The Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI; Derogatis and Melisaratos178) is a 53-item scale, a shortened version of the SCL-90 (Symptom Checklist-90) that assesses nine symptoms of distress and provides three global distress indices. The BSI measures symptoms associated with distress on nine symptom dimensions (including somatisation, obsessive–compulsive, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility, phobic anxiety, paranoid ideation and psychoticism). Participants report the extent to which they experienced each of the symptoms in the past week including today. The scale also includes a global index of distress, the Global Severity Index (GSI) used in both studies by Zakowski et al. published in 200484 and 2011161 | Likert-type scale ranging from 0 (not at all) to 4 (extremely) | Higher scores indicate higher symptoms |
| C-QoL | Cancer Quality of Life (C-QoL; Lee179) is a cancer-specific type of QoL measurement tool developed in Korea to better reflect the cultural characteristics of the country. The C-QoL was used in Park and Yi78 and consists of 21 items with specific questions: physical conditions (n = 6), emotional states (n = 6), social role (n = 3), social status (n = 3) and coping ability (n = 4) | 5-point scale (0 = not at all, 1 = a little yes, 2 = moderate, 3 = quite a lot and 4 = very much so)
Range from 0 to 84 | Higher scores indicate greater QoL |
| CAPS | The Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS; Weathers et al.180) used to assess PTSD symptom severity. CAPS rates the frequency and intensity of each symptom along 5-point ordinal scales, the impact of symptoms on the patient’s social and occupational functioning, the overall severity of the symptom complex, and the global validity of ratings obtained. There is a total score for the CAPS PTSD ratings (frequency and intensity). The CAPS yields both dichotomous (i.e. present or absent) and continuous (i.e. severity) scores for each symptom and for the disorder as a whole | 5-point scale ranging from 0 to 136 | Higher scores indicate greater severity of PTSD symptoms |
| CBCL | The Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and by youth on the Youth Self-Report of the CBCL (Achenbach181) consists of 113 questions used to detect emotional and behavioural problems in children and adolescents | 3-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (absent), 1 (occurs sometimes), 2 (occurs often) | Higher scores indicate more emotional and behavioural problems |
| CD4+ count | CD4+ lymphocyte count was determined by flow cytometry. A square root transformation was used on the CD4+ counts to give an approximately normal distribution. Data were analysed as a multivariate hierarchical model using the hierarchical linear modelling programme HLM 5.04. In Ironson et al.,71 flow cytometry was performed in one laboratory to enumerate CD3+/CD4+ lymphocytes with fluorochrome conjugated monoclonal antibodies in a four-colour system | Threshold used in the study was not reported but used as a predictor of disease progression | Higher count in CD4+ cells when associated with improved immune status and better health |
| CDI | The Children Depression Inventory (CDI) contains 27 items that represent a range of depressive symptoms including disturbed mood, hedonic capacity, vegetative functions, self-evaluation and interpersonal problems. The child is asked to choose the item that best describes him or her for the past 2 weeks. The five factors for the CDI are negative mood, interpersonal problems, ineffectiveness, anhedonia and negative self-esteem | Each item consists of three statements that are keyed 0, 1 or 2 | Higher scores indicating increased severity |
| CES-D | The Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D; Radloff182) is a 20-item scale; participants rated the intensity and frequency of depressive symptoms they had experienced in the past week. The CES-D has been used to measure clinical and subclinical levels of depression in medical populations and effectively identifies depression among patients with chronic pain (Geisser et al.183). It includes four factors: dysphoria, positive affect, a somatic factor, and an interpersonal factor. In Henry et al.,53 four subscales were calculated from the CES-D: depressed mood (seven items, α = 0.83–0.92), (lack of) positive affect (four items, α = 0.71–0.9), somatisation or retarded activity (seven items, α = 0.5–0.9), and (lack of) interpersonal relations (two items) | 4-point Likert-type scale from 0 (rarely or none of the time) to 3 (most or all of the time) | Higher scores indicates the greatest frequency of depressed mood over the past week |
| CG-FBD | The functional bowel disease-related cognition consisted of CG-FBD Q16 My bowel symptoms make me feel out of control and CG-FBD Q31 Nothing seems to help my bowel symptoms | Scale 0–7, worse cognition 7 | Higher scores indicate worse adaptive cognition |
| CLINHAQ | Three items from the Clinical Health Assessment Questionnaire (CLINHAQ; Wolfe184) were used in Broderick et al.118 to assess GI, headache and fatigue symptoms. The CLINHAQ contains self-reports for the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ; Fries185) disability index, Arthritis Impact Measurement Scale (AIMS) anxiety and depression index (Hawley and Wolfe186), VAS pain, VAS global severity, VAS GI symptoms, VAS sleep problems, VAS fatigue, satisfaction with health, and patient estimate of health status. In 1996, the helplessness subscale of the RAI was added to the CLINHAQ (deVellis et al.187). The variables contained in this questionnaire consider factors that are thought to be of major importance in FM (Burckhardt et al.188) | On a 100-point VAS | Higher scales indicate greater symptoms |
| Cortisol | Cortisol reactivity was assessed in Smyth et al.9 by asking participants to collect saliva by placing a sterile cotton wad in their mouth for a few minutes and then sealing the cotton in a salivette, a test tube-like container (Sartstedt, Rommelsdorf, Germany). Samples were kept frozen until shipped for assay at a clinical laboratory | Cortisol levels were assessed in response to imagery-based trauma re-exposure | Lower levels indicate greater health improvement |
| CRP | The C-reactive protein (CRP), which is another serum measure of inflammation, was measured in Wetherell et al.117 CRP is an acute phase protein, levels of which fluctuate over a shorter time period than ESR (Kushner189). CRP therefore provides an objective marker of disease activity in addition to the components of the DAS | CRP is a measure of inflammation and provide markers for clinical status in rheumatic disease. CRP is sensitive and is only raised during periods of acute inflammation | Higher CRP levels indicate greater transitory acute inflammation |
| CRQ | The Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire (CRQ) is an interviewer-administered questionnaire measuring both physical and emotional aspects of chronic respiratory disease. It has 20 questions in four categories: dyspnoea, fatigue, emotional function and mastery | 7-point scale, with 7 indicating no health impairment. A change of 0.5 for each is considered the minimal clinically significant change | Higher scores indicate better HRQoL |
| CS use | Corticosteroid use, measured as puffs per day | CS use is an indicator of disease status | The higher the use of CS, the worst the disease course |
| CSAQ | The Cognitive-Somatic Anxiety Questionnaire (CSAQ; Schwartz190) a trait anxiety inventory, is a 14-item self-report inventory that is divided into two 7-item scales (cognitive and somatic) that appear to reflect cognitive or somatic anxiety. Participants are asked to rate the degree to which they are generally or typically experiencing symptoms of anxiety by circling a number from 1 through to 5 | 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (not at all) to 5 (very much so). The sums of the circled rating are separately computed for the cognitive and somatic items, and constituted the main dependent measures | Higher total scores indicate higher symptoms |
| CSI | The Children’s Somatisation Inventory (CSI) includes 36 symptoms from the criteria for Somatisation Disorder and the Somatisation factor of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist. Ratings are obtained on the severity with which the youth have experienced each symptom (e.g. headaches, pains in the heart, muscle aches) in the past 2 weeks | 5-point scale from 0 (not at all) to 4 (a whole lot). A total score was calculated in the standard fashion to measure severity of general somatisation symptoms | Higher scores indicate higher severity of symptoms |
| CT3 | Catastrophising (maladaptive coping) | Scale 0–36; worse catastrophising, 36 | Higher scores indicate worse catastrophising |
| DAS | The Disease Activity Score (DAS) involves measurement of four variables: counts of the number of swollen and tender joints (assessed by physical examination); a patient self-report measure (All things considered, how are you feeling?), measured using a 100-mm VAS; and a serum measure of inflammation, i.e. ESR. ESR is an indirect measure of acute phase reactions and provides a standardised and validated clinical index for assessing disease activity in RA (Fuchs191). A total score can be computed or individual components of the DAS can be used | The DAS ranges from 2 to 10 | Scores of < 2.6 indicate disease remission and scores of > 5.1 indicate high disease activity |
| DASS | The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) is a 42-item self-report measure used to assess depression, anxiety and stress in clinical samples over the previous week | 4-point Likert scale from 0 (did not apply to me at all) to 3 (applied to me very much, or most of the time) | Higher scores indicate greater symptoms |
| Davidson PTSD scale | The Davidson PTSD scale (PTSDTOT; Davidson et al.,192 Zlotnick et al.193) is a 17-item, interview-administered measure based on the PTSD symptom clusters defined by DSM-IV. Respondents are asked to rate each of the 17 items referring to a particular traumatic event, or series of events, according to level of distress based on their ratings of symptoms that have occurred during the past week. Both frequency and severity are rated for each item. If the respondent has experienced multiple traumatic episodes, multiple copies of the scale may be administered | From 0 to 4 for both frequency and severity during the past week
Items are summed for a total score, and subscales measure re-experiencing, avoidance and arousal | Higher scores indicate greater symptoms |
| DBP | Diastolic blood pressure (DBP), measured in mmHg | BP is indicative of chronic complications post MI, such as cardiac arrhythmias and left ventricular failure | Higher DBP indicated greater post-MI complications |
| DIS | The Perception of Disclosure Scale (DIS) measures the perception of the extent to which participants had already expressed their deepest thoughts and feelings about their cancer experience through writing or discussion with others | Scale ranges from 0 (not all) to 10 (complete disclosure) | Higher scores indicate more complete disclosure |
| Disease Activity Rating Scale | The Disease Activity Rating Scale is a scale used by physicians to indicate the current status of the patient’s RA. Factors that physicians would take into account in making this rating include number of tender and swollen joints, and degree of inflammation and pain | 5-point rating scale ranging from 0 (asymptomatic) to 4 (very severe)
A 1-point change is considered clinically significant | Higher scores indicate greater disease activity |
| DLQI | The Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI; Finlay and Khan194) is used widely in patients with dermatological conditions, including psoriasis. It examines respondents views on the functional consequences of their skin condition on their lives in the previous week. It correlates well with clinical measures of disease severity and boasts of good reliability statistics. It measures how much the skin problem has affected your life. It is designed for young people aged > 16 years and for adults | 4-point Likert scale ranging from very much to not at all
The scoring is:
The DLQI is calculated by summing the score of each question, resulting in a maximum of 30 and a minimum of 0 | The higher the score, the more QoL is impaired |
| DS-14 | The DS-14 is a 14-item measure of negative affectivity (seven items) and social inhibition (seven items) (Denollet195)
The DS-14 has good psychometric properties and is widely used with cardiac populations (e.g. Denollet et al.196) | 5-point Likert scale from 0 to 4 | A score of ≥ 10 on both the negative affectivity and social inhibition scales indicates Type D personality |
| DT | The Distress Thermometer (DT; Roth et al.197) assessed general distress | 11-point Likert scale from 0 (no distress) to 10 (extreme distress) | Higher scores indicate greater distress |
| Emotional approach coping | In Averill et al.,100 the emotional approach coping (Stanton et al.198) was measured to assess emotional processing (four items: e.g. I take time to figure out what I am really feeling; α = 0.76) and emotional expression (four items; e.g. I feel free to express my emotions; α = 0.89). Because the two subscales were correlated only 0.61, they were used separately in analysis | 8-item scale | Lower emotional approach copying are related to lower psychological well-being |
| EQ-5D | QoL measured by utility and VAS. A measure of perceived health status | Utility: 0–1, where 0 is death and 1 is perfect perceived health
VAS: 0–100, where 0 is death and 100 is perfect perceived health | Higher scores indicate better health |
| ESR | The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) | ESR is an indicator of inflammation and disease activity | Values of > 20 mm/hour indicate elevated inflammation and disease activity |
| Expressed anger | In Graham et al.,51 the degree of express anger was uniquely accounted for intervention effects and meaning making mediated effects on depressed mood | From 0 (none) to 4 (very much)
A code of 4 was given when the letter included an explicit statement indicating that the participant was, for instance, very angry or furious or if the participant had used many examples that sounded frustrating and/or used underlining, exclamation points, or other techniques for emphasis
A code 0 was given when the participant neither identified at all with an anger-related emotion (including frustration) nor gave any examples that seemed frustrating | Higher scores indicate higher expression of anger |
| FACIT-F | The Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy Fatigue subscale version 4 (FACIT-F; Yellen199) assessed fatigue during the past 7 days. It measures physical well-being, social/family well-being, emotional well-being, functional well-being and additional concerns | All items are measured on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (not at all) to 4 (very much) | Higher scores indicate greater fatigue |
| FACIT-Sp | The meaning/peace subscale of the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy–Spiritual Well-Being scale (FACIT-Sp; Peterman et al.200)
A 12-item self-report measure comprises two subscales: one measuring a sense of meaning and peace and the other assessing the role of faith in illness
A total score for spiritual well-being is produced. In Mosher et al.,77 the FACIT-Sp is used to measure existential well-being by assessing participant’s degree of purpose in life and inner peace | Scale ranging from 0 to 48
Two subscales:
| Higher scores signifying greater spiritual well-being |
| FACT-General | The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy (FACT; Basen-Engquist et al.201) questionnaire is a 34-item general cancer QoL measure for evaluating patients receiving cancer treatment. It covers five general cancer-related domains (physical well-being, social family well-being, relationship with health-care provider, emotional well-being, and functional well-being) and one disease/site-specific domain | 5-point scale from 0 (not at all) to 4 (very much) | Higher scores indicate better QoL |
| FACT-B | The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast Cancer Version (FACT-B) is a 37-item self-report instrument, with known validity and reliability, containing 27 general items (from the FACT-General) plus 10 breast cancer-specific items (Brady et al.202)
Subscales include physical well-being (seven items), social/family well-being (seven items), emotional well-being (six items) and functional well-being (seven items)
The 10 additional items address physical and psychological concerns related to breast cancer
Respondents are asked to rate how true each statement had been for them over the past 7 days | 5-point Likert-type scale from 0 (not at all) to 4 (very much). All 37 items can be combined for a total QoL score, and subscale scores may be computed as well | Higher scores indicate higher QoL |
| FDI | The Functional Disability Inventory (FDI; Walker and Greene203) is a 15-item assessing difficulty performing various routine behaviours during the last few weeks | Items range from 0 (no trouble) to 4 (impossible) and totalled | Higher scores indicate greater disability |
| FEV1 | The forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) | FEV1 is one of the primary indicators of health status and disease progression for cystic fibrosis or patients with asthma, for instance | A decrease in FEV1 indicates disease exacerbation and/or reduction of lung functioning |
| FIQ | The Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) evaluates the global health status using a 10-item survey assessing those components of health that are most affected by FM (physical functioning, work status, depression, anxiety, sleep, pain, stiffness, fatigue and well-being) during the prior week
FIQ is an adaptation of the HAQ and the AIMS
In Broderick et al.,118 items assessing physical functioning and stiffness were used | Scores range from 0 to 100 | Higher scores indicate poorer health or functioning |
| FLZ | The Fragebogen zur Erfassung des Lebenszufriendenheit (FLZ) is a Life Satisfaction Scale used to measure life satisfaction
The FLZ uses eight items assessing patient’s satisfaction with different areas of their life (e.g. social contacts, partnership, financial situation) | 7-point Likert scale from 1 (very satisfied) to 7 (very unsatisfied)
The sum score indicates overall life satisfaction | Higher scores indicate less life satisfaction |
| FSS | The 9-item Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) assesses the frequency and severity of fatigues interference with physical functioning | Items were rated on a 1–7 scale and averaged | Higher scores indicate greater fatigue |
| FVC | The forced vital capacity (FVC) | FVC is one of the primary indicators of health status and disease progression for cystic fibrosis or patients with asthma, for instance | A decrease in FVC indicates disease exacerbation and/or reduction of lung functioning |
| GBB | The Giessener Beschwerdebogen (GBB) is a 24-item scale assessing various symptomatic complaints
The sum score measures subjective physical well-being | 5-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (not applicable) to 4 (strongly)
The total score ranges from 0 to 12 | Higher scores indicate greater symptoms, decreased subjective physical health |
| GDS | The Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS; Yesavage et al.204) is a 30-item scale that is more appropriate for use with people with ALS than other depression instruments that include somatic symptoms regularly experienced in ALS |
A score of > 5 points is suggestive of depression A score of ≥ 10 points is almost always indicative of depression A score of > 5 points should warrant a follow-up comprehensive assessment
| Higher scores indicate higher symptoms of depression |
| GHQ-12 | The General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12; Goldberg et al.205) was used as an indicator of overall mental health in hundreds of studies that assessed both clinical and non-clinical populations
Items from the GHQ-12 included: Have you recently been able to concentrate on what you are doing? Have you been able to face up to your normal problems?
Owing to the various thresholds of the GHQ-12, the mean GHQ score for a population of respondents was suggested as a rough indicator for the best cut-off point (Goldberg et al.206). Therefore, based on the mean GHQ score for this sample, the cut-off point is used to determine the respondent’s level of psychological well-being | 4-point Likert scale
The scores are summed up by adding all the items on the scale ranging from 0 to 12 | NA |
| GSI | The Global Severity Index (GSI) is a widely used index of stress and is highly correlated with the BSI subscales. Individuals report the extent to which they experienced each of the symptoms in the past week including today | 5-point Likert scale
Ranges from 0 (not at all) to 4 (extremely) | Higher scores indicate greater severity |
| HADS | The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS; Zigmond and Snaith207), which contains 14 items (seven anxiety items and seven depression items)
This scale requires participants to indicate how they have been feeling during the past week. In Wallander et al.,109 participants with a HADS total score of 15 were classified as being clinically distressed | 4-point scale ranging from 0 (not at all) to 3 (most of the time)
Total score ranges from 0 to 21 | Higher scores indicate higher anxiety/depression |
| HADS-A | The anxiety subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS-A; Zigmond and Snaith207) | A score of 0–7 is considered to be normal
Scores of ≥ 20 indicate moderate, severe or very severe anxiety | Higher scores on each individual scale or the entire scale indicate greater anxiety or mood disorder |
| HADS-D | The depression subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS-A; Zigmond and Snaith207) | A score of 0–7 is considered to be normal
Scores of ≥ 20 indicate moderate, severe or very severe depression | Higher scores on each individual scale or the entire scale indicate greater depression or mood disorder |
| HAM–D | The Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM–D; Hamilton208) is a 17-item, interview-based measure, considered the gold standard for assessing severity of depression | A score of 0–7 is considered to be normal
Scores of ≥ 20 indicate moderate, severe, or very severe depression | Higher scores indicate more depression or mood disorder |
| Headache frequency | Number of days in the last month with a headache | NA | The higher the frequency the worst the health status |
| HIV symptom checklist | In Ironson et al.,71 experimenters assessed symptoms relevant to HIV (based on the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for Category B symptoms) by interview using a HIV symptom checklist
Symptoms were assessed for the previous month at baseline and the 1-month visit, and for the previous 6 months, at the 6- and 12-month visits; thus, symptoms were assessed during the complete follow-up period | Examples of symptoms are herpes zoster (shingles), oral thrush, cervical dysplasia, pelvic inflammatory disease, low platelet count (50,000), peripheral neuropathy, chronic unexplained fever and chronic unexplained diarrhoea | More symptoms indicate a worse health |
| HIV VL | HIV VL was determined using a quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR assay (Amplicor HIV-1 Monitor, Roche Diagnostic Systems), which measures down to 400 copies of HIV RNA in plasma | Threshold not reported | A reduction in VL indicates better health |
| HIV-OS | The HIV-Specific Optimism Scale (HIV-OS) is a self-report measure of optimistic beliefs related to HIV issues
Seven items were adapted from the LOT (Scheier and Carver209) specifically for Wagner et al.73 Sample HIV-OS items include ‘I am not counting on things going my way in the course of my HIV infection’ and ‘Although the future course of my HIV infection is uncertain, I expect the best’ | 6-point Likert scale ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree | Higher scores indicate higher levels of optimism related to HIV issues |
| IBS-QoL | The Irritable Bowel Syndrome QoL | Scale 0–100, best = 100 | Higher scores indicate better QoL |
| IBSSS | The irritable bowel severity (IBS) scale/scoring system (IBSSS; Francis et al.210) is a 9-item survey designed to enable clinicians to record and monitor the severity of IBS
Participants have to answer the questions based on how they feel currently (i.e. over the last 10 days or so)
A total IBS severity score is given |
The maximum score is 500 | Higher scores indicate increase in IBS severity |
| IES | The Impact of Event Scale (IES; Horowitz et al.211) assesses frequency of intrusive thoughts and avoidance over the past week including today. Participants are asked to specifically refer to their cancer experience when answering the questions | Responses for each item are 0 (not at all); 1 (rarely); 3 (sometimes); 5 (often)
Possible score ranges from 0 to 40 | Higher scores indicate the greater extent to which participants have experienced each item, in the preceding 7 days |
| IES-R | The Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R; Weiss and Marmar212), which contains 22 items that measure avoidance, intrusive re-experiences and arousal associated with a traumatic event | 5-point scale ranging from 0 (not at all) to 4 (extremely) | Higher scores indicate greater extent to which participants have experienced each item in the preceding 7 days in relation to their psychotic experiences and treatment |
| IS | The 8-item Insight Scale (IS; Birchwood et al.213), which measures three dimensions of insight: perceived need for treatment, awareness of illness and relabelling of symptoms as pathological | Response to each item reported as agree, disagree or unsure | NA |
| K-10 | The Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K-10) detects non-specific emotional distress and has been used in a number of population health surveys in Australia. It contains 10 statements covering the preceding 4 weeks | 5-point Likert scale from 1 (none of the time) to 5 (all the time)
Possible scores range from 10 (no distress) to 50 (maximal distress) | Higher scores indicate higher distress |
| LIFE | The Longitudinal Interval Follow-Up Evaluation (LIFE; Keller et al.214) is a semistructured interview for assessing the longitudinal course of psychiatric disorders
It consists of a semistructured interview, an Instruction booklet, a coding sheet, and a set of training materials. An interviewer uses the LIFE to collect detailed psychosocial, psychopathological, and treatment information for a 6-month follow-up interval
The weekly psychopathology measures (psychiatric status ratings) are ordinal symptom-based scales with categories defined to match the levels of symptoms used in the Research Diagnostic Criteria
The ratings provide a separate, concurrent record of the course of each disorder initially diagnosed in patients or developing during the follow-up
Any DSM-III or Research Diagnostic Criteria disorder can be rated with the LIFE, and any length or number of follow-up intervals can be accommodated. The psychosocial and treatment information is recorded so that these data can be linked temporally to the psychiatric status ratings | NA | NA |
| LIWC | The Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) is a text analysis software program designed by Pennebaker et al.19
LIWC calculates the degree to which people use different categories of words across a wide array of texts, including e-mails, speeches, poems, or transcribed daily speech. With a click of a button, you can determine the degree any text uses positive or negative emotions, self-references, causal words, and 70 other language dimensions (www.liwc.net/) | NA | NA |
| LOT | The Life Orientation Test (LOT) assesses generalised positive outcome experiences measures optimism on eight items to indicate the extent to which they agree with each statement | 5-point Likert scales ranging from 1 (strongly agree) to 5 (strongly disagree)
The items are summed to create a score ranging from 8 to 40 | Higher numbers indicate more optimism |
| Mac New HRQOL | The Mac New Health Related Quality Of Life (Mac New HRQOL) scale is a 27-item measure of physical, emotional and social QoL (Valenti et al.215)
In addition to separate physical, emotional and social QoL subscales, an overall index of QoL is provided. It has been extensively used in cardiac populations, and based on data from over 1000 cardiac patients | 7-point Likert scale. A change of 0.5 units reflects a minimal clinically important difference (Dixon et al.216) | Higher scores indicate better health |
| Marks | The Marks Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (Marks; Marks et al.217) is a self-administered questionnaire intended for use with adults
Respondents are asked to describe how troubling particular items have been over the past 4 weeks. Covers both physical and emotional impact
Should not be confused with the Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (AQLQ; Juniper et al.218) | Scaling of items from 1 to 5 | NA |
| McGill Pain Q-SF | The McGill Pain Questionnaire-Short Form (McGill Pain Q-SF; Melzack219) assesses these two dimensions of pain, as currently experienced by the patient. It contains 11 items assessing several domains of pain experience: intensity, sensory and affective | Scale from 0 (none) to 3 (severe) scale
Ratings were averaged | Higher scores indicate greater severity |
| McGill QOL | In Averill et al.,100 psychological and existential QoL were measured with the McGill QOL questionnaire to assess the subjective QoL of patients with terminal illness. Psychological QoL reflects the extent to which patients have experienced symptoms of depression, anxiety, sadness and hopelessness. There were six measures of psychological well-being that were highly correlated with each other: positive affect, negative affect, depression, psychological QoL, existential QoL and spirituality
Existential QoL reflects patients’ ratings of the worth and meaning of their life, their progress towards their goals, their control over their life and the value of each day | 11-point Likert scale ranging from 0 to 10
Scores are summed up into a total score | Lower scores indicate better health |
| MDASI | The MD Anderson Symptom Inventory (MDASI; Cleeland et al.220) is used to assess multiple symptoms experienced by cancer patients and the interference with daily living caused by these symptoms. Participants rate the severity of 13 core symptoms (in the last 24 hours) common across all cancer diagnoses and treatments and the extent to which these symptoms interfere with daily activities
In Park and Yi78 a Korean version (Yun et al.221) was adapted | From 0 (symptom has not been present) to 10 (the symptom was as bad as you can imagine it could be) | Higher scores indicate greater severity and interference |
| MIDAS | The Migraine Disability Assessment Scale (MIDAS) is a 5-item inventory that assesses the number of days in the past month when the respondents functioning was reduced or impaired because of headaches (behavioural disability from headaches) including days of work (including housework), school or other activities missed, as well as the number of days for which productivity was reduced by half
A total of five items are calculated and analysed | The number of days is added up, totalling a final number of days from questions 1–5
MIDAS scores thresholds are as follows:
| Higher scores indicate greater migraine disability |
| Mississippi Scale for PTSD | The Mississippi Scale for combat-related PTSD (Hebrew version) is a 35-item self-reported questionnaire describing participant’s feeling on each of the items
Items 2, 6, 11, 17, 19, 22, 24, 27, 30 and 34 are scored in reverse order
The cut-off score for PTSD is set at 107, a score that correctly classifies 90% of all subjects as PTSD or non-PTSD
Means for the three validation groups are as follows: PTSD 130 (SD = 18); psychiatric 86 (SD = 26); well adjusted 76 (SD = 18) | Each item receives a score of 1–5
Add all items to obtain the total score | A total score of > 107 indicates a diagnosis of PTSD |
| MMSE-Korean | The Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) is often taken to rate cognitive functioning difficulties in a relatively short time: in the present study, the Korean version of MMSE, named MMSE-K, was used in the included study by Hong and Choi67
The MMSE-K has 30 questions for rating and each question is counted as one point. The full score of MMSE-K is 30 points. It consists of seven subitems. The standard MMSE-K was slightly modified, combining time orientation and space orientation into orientation to which 10 points were allocated, and also unifying memory registration and memory recall to memory to which six points were allocated
Diagnostic criteria of dementia in terms of the MMSE-K score are given as follows: a total score of > 23 points is classified as normal, 20–23 points as doubted as dementia and < 20 points as dementia | The score of each item is allocated as follows: (1) 5 points for time orientation, (2) 5 points for space orientation, (3) 3 points for memory registration, (4) 3 points for memory recall, (5) 5 points for attention and calculation, (6) 7 points for language, and (7) 2 points for comprehension and judgement | A total score of < 20 indicates dementia |
| Modified MRC dyspnoea scale | The Modified Medical Research Council dyspnoea scale (MMRC) is an instrument to document subjective feeling of shortness of breath | From 0 (shortness of breath only with strenuous activity) to 4 (shortness of breath with minimal activity, even dressing or undressing) | Higher scores indicate higher subjective feeling of shortness of breath |
| MOS-HIV | The Medical Outcomes Study HIV Health Survey, a brief, multidimensional and comprehensive measure of HRQoL used extensively in HIV/AIDS research (MOS-HIV; Wu et al.222)
It measured the physical functioning, pain, and mental health using three subscales:
The 6-item physical functioning subscale is a self-report measure of how long one’s health has been limited in vigorous physical activities (such as lifting), moderate physical activities (such as carrying groceries) and other activities of daily living The pain subscale consists of two items: amount of bodily pain and the extent to which pain interfered with normal work activities The mental health subscale consists of five items: nervous, calm and peaceful, downhearted and blue, happy, and down in the dumps
|
3-point scale: limited for more than 3 months; limited for the last 3 months and not at all limited Amount of bodily pain from none to severe, and the extent to which pain interfered with normal work activities from not at all to extremely Mental health subscale ranges from 1 (all of the time) to 6 (none of the time)
|
Higher scores indicate better physical functioning The higher the scores on the pain subscale, the lower the pain Higher mental health subscale scores indicate better mental health
|
| MPI | The Multidimensional Pain Inventory (MPI; Kerns223) is a 48-item self-reported questionnaire, divided in three sections
In the first section, the participant responds about their pain, and how it affects their lives
In the second section, the participant responds about how his/her spouse or significant others respond to them in that particular way when they are in pain
In the third section, the participant responds to how often they do different daily tasks (such as washing dishes, going to the cinema, take a trip, or engage in sexual activities)
Participants can also list any other pain-related problem | Section 1: 7-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (not at all) to 6 (extremely)
Section 2: range from never to often
Section 3: range from never to often
The scoring procedure produces a mean score for each scale | Higher scores indicate greater pain |
| MSPSS | The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS; Zimet et al.224) is a 12-item self-report measure used to measure perceived social support | 7-point Likert scale from 1 (very strongly disagree) to 7 (very strongly agree) | Higher scores indicate higher perceived social support |
| NMCUES | The National Medical Care Utilisation Expenditure Survey (NMCUES; National Centre for Health Statistics225)
It assesses multiple forms of health-care utilisation and behaviours over a period (3 months in Rosenberg et al.83)
Questions addressed health-care utilisation patterns, current use of medicines and health-related behaviours (e.g. smoking, substance use) | NA | NA |
| OQ-45.2 | The Outcome Questionnaire (OQ-45.2; Lambert et al.226) is a 45-item self-report measure intended for weekly assessment of client progress through the course of psychotherapy
The OQ-45.2 produces a total score and three subscale scores (symptom distress, interpersonal relations and social role) | The total score is calculated by summing the patient’s ratings across all 45 items (range 0–180) | Higher scores indicate greater clinical improvement |
| PAID | Problem Areas In Diabetes scale (PAID; Polonsky et al.227), otherwise not described | NA | NA |
| Pain behaviour | In both included studies by Lumley et al.115 and Macklem,131 a structured observation system228 which was designed for RA patients, assessed overt pain behaviour
At each evaluation, patients were videotaped in the examination room for 10 minutes by a camera in the doorway while they engaged in four standardised manoeuvres (walking, sitting, standing and reclining), which were presented in a random order. The research assistant operated the camera and refrained from interacting with the patient other than to give directions for the next behaviour
Raters were trained to code these videotapes by the developer of the system (Francis J Keefe) and achieved high inter-rater reliability during training. Next, these raters, blind to experimental condition, reviewed study videotapes for the presence of seven pain behaviours: guarding, bracing, grimacing, sighing, rigidity, passive rubbing and active rubbing
The 10-minute tapes were divided into 20 30-second epochs; the presence or absence of each pain behaviour during each epoch was recorded, and a total score of all behaviours across all epochs was calculated | NA | NA |
| Pain intensity | In the included study by Cepeda et al.,85 patients rated their average pain intensity using a verbal numerical rating scale
In the included study by Macklem,131 pain intensity was measured using a 100-mm VAS | Verbal numerical rating scale from 0 (no pain) to 10 (the worst pain imaginable)
100-mm VAS ranges from 0 (no pain) to 100 (pain as bad it can be) | Higher scores indicate more pain intensity |
| PANAS-X(a) | The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS; Watson et al.229) which contains 16 items (eight positive items and eight negative items)
In Wagner et al.73 the same scale is reported as PANAS and defined as a 20-item scale with the same 5-point response options. Words that describe feelings and emotions, such as interested, distressed, and proud load on either the positive or negative affect factor (10 items each). In this study, participants were asked to rate their feelings during the past week, including today | 5-point scale ranging from 1 (very slightly or not at all) to 5 (extremely) | Higher scores indicate greater mood change |
| PANAS-X(b) | The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule–Expanded Form (PANAS-X, Watson and Clark230) was applied to assess emotional states of patients: 60-item scale, which was created to assess not only general dimensions of emotional experience, but specific emotional states too
It included the original PANAS assessing short-term mood fluctuations, with consistent psychometric results in varying populations and over various time frames: this measure consists of two 10-item scales for positive and negative affect
In addition to the two original higher order scales, the PANAS-X measures 11 specific affects: joviality, self-assurance, attentiveness, fear, sadness, guilt, hostility, shyness, fatigue, serenity, surprise | 5-point scale ranging from 1 (very slightly or not at all) to 5 (extremely) | Higher scores indicate greater mood change |
| PANAS-X(c) | The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule for Children [PANAS-X(c); Laurent et al.231] is a 30-item scale, through which items are rated for affect during the past few weeks and averaged separately for positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) measures | 6-point scale from 0 (very slightly or not at all) to 5 (extremely) | Higher scores indicate greater mood change |
| PANAS-X(d) | The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule–Abbreviated version of the expanded version [PANAS-X(d), Watson and Clark232] was used in the included study by D’Souza et al.101
The four negative moods were highly correlated (e.g. alpha for session 1 was 0.75 for tension and 0.73 for migraine samples), so the four ratings were averaged into one negative mood score and analysed it separately from calmness | Items rated from 1 (not at all) to 7 (a great deal) for four negative moods (anger, guilt, sadness, fear) and for calmness | Higher scores indicate greater mood change |
| PANAS-X NA subscale | The 10-item negative affect subscale from the 60-item PANAS-X rated the frequency that they experienced each item during the prior 2 weeks | 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (not at all) to 5 (extremely) | Higher scores indicate greater mood change |
| PASI | The Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI; Feldman et al.233) is an internationally accepted, clinician-rated, psoriasis-specific score, based on the body surface area involved and on semi-quantitative estimation of erythema, infiltration and scaling; it is by far the most common tool in clinical studies and in daily practice. The head, trunk, and upper and lower extremities are assessed | Scores range from 0 (no psoriasis) to 72 (extremely severe psoriasis) | Higher scores indicate greater psoriasis severity |
| PDS | The Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale (PDS; Foa et al.234), a 49-item self-reported measure, aids in PTSD diagnosis and symptom severity, with items that parallel DSM-IV criteria
A diagnosis of PTSD is made only when DSM-IV criteria A–F are met
The PDS includes a symptom severity score. Respondents rate 17 items representing the cardinal symptoms of PTSD experienced in the past 30 days. Finally, respondents rate the level of impairment caused by their symptoms across nine areas of life functioning | 4-point scale
Scores range from 0 to 51, and this is obtained by adding up the individuals responses of selected items
The cut-off points for symptom severity rating are:
| Higher scores indicate higher PTSD symptoms |
| PedsQL | The Paediatric Quality of Life (PedsQL) is a 23-item well-validated scale with excellent internal consistency – how much of a problem various physical activities, feelings, social situations, and school activities have been in the past month
QoL domains were restricted to (a) physical (eight items) and (b) psychosocial (15 items) | 5-point scale from 0 (never a problem) to 4 (almost always a problem) | Lower scores indicate better health |
| PSA spec – CD4+/8+ | Peripheral blood T-cell proliferation to specified antigens
This technique was assessed by the cell census proliferation assay method. It involves the use of a fluorescent membrane dye that partitions between daughter cells at division, in conjunction with flow cytometry to measure the proliferation of cells
With mathematical deconvolution of the fluorescence histograms, the precursor frequency of cells in the original population that responded to a specific stimulus can be derived
By using a second tagged fluorescent antibody to stain for lymphocyte subsets, the proliferation of specific phenotypes (CD4+/CD8+) of responding cells can be examined | NA | NA |
| PHQ | The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ; Spitzer et al.,235,236) is designed as a screening instrument for use with health-care seeking populations
It provides information on perceived symptoms of (a) depression, (b) anxiety, (c) somatic complaints, and (d) psychological distress
The two subscales that measure symptoms of depression (nine items) and anxiety (15 items) employ DSM-IV criteria to screen for the presence of these psychiatric illnesses | For each item:
| Depression severity:
0–4: none 5–9: mild 10–14: moderate 15–19: moderately severe 20–27: severe
|
| Physician’s global rating of disease activity | In Lumley et al.,115 the evaluating physician-rated patient’s overall disease activity with a 100-mm VAS
In Macklem,131 scoring was done on a 5-point Likert scale | From 0 to 100 VAS, with anchors of 0 (no activity) to 100 (most activity)
Range from 0 (asymptomatic), 1 (mild), 2 (moderate), 3 (severe) to 4 (very severe) | Higher scores indicate higher activity |
| PILL | The Pennebaker Inventory of Limbic Languidness (PILL), a self-report questionnaire that assess the frequency of each of the most 54 physical symptoms
The PILL can be scored by summing up the total number of items on which individuals score C, D or E (every month or so or higher)
With this strategy, the mean score is 17.9 (SD = 4.5) based on a sample of 939 college students. You can also simply sum up the 54 items resulting in a mean score of 112.7 (SD = 24.7) (http://homepage.psy.utexas.edu/HomePage/Faculty/Pennebaker/Questionnaires/PILL.pdf) | From 0 to 216:
0 to 21: below normal range 22 to 66: well within normal range 67 to 84: slightly above average, within normal range ≥ 85: top 25%
| Higher scores indicate participants are more nervous, distressed and unhappy |
| POMS | The Profile of Mood States (POMS) (McNair et al.237) consists of 34 items aimed at assessing global negative and positive affect
Participants indicate how often they experienced a particular feeling (e.g. liveliness, forgetfulness, unhappiness) since their cancer diagnosis or their last survey (for subsequent waves)
In the included study by Henry et al.,53 mood disturbance was calculated by summing the negative affect subscales (e.g. anger, depression, tension, fatigue, confusion) and then subtracting the positive affect subscale score (e.g. vigour)
In the included study by Smyth et al.,9 the POMS assessed current mood states using subscales for depression–dejection, tension–anxiety, fatigue–inertia, vigour–activity, anger–hostility and confusion–bewilderment | Scale from 0 (not at all) to 4 (extremely often) | Higher scores indicate greater mood disturbance |
| POMS-n | The negative affect subscale of the Profile of Mood States (POMS; Zevon and Auke238) was measured in Jensen-Johansen et al.76 with a 37-item version validated for use with patients with breast cancer (Di Lorenzo and Williamson239) | Scale from 0 (not at all) to 4 (extremely often) | Higher scores indicate greater negative affect |
| POMS-SF | The Short Form of the Profile of Mood States (POMS-SF; Shacham240) is a 37-item questionnaire that comprises six subscales measuring transient states of six moods: tension–anxiety, depression–dejection, anger–hostility, vigour–activity, fatigue–inertia and confusion–bewilderment
Total mood disturbance is assessed as the sum of the scores for these six moods | 5-point Likert scale, ranging from 0 (not at all) to 4 (extremely) | Higher scores representing greater mood disturbance, except for vigour/activity, where higher scores indicate lesser mood disturbance and the score of this subscale is subtracted from the sum of the rest to provide the total mood disturbance |
| Poor sleep quality | The poor sleep quality scale used a 4-item scale designed to evaluate the previous night’s sleep regarding sleep quality, degree to which sleep was restorative, waking daytime level of alertness, and ability to concentrate | 1–7 scale and averaged | Higher values indicate poorer sleep |
| Post mTBI Symptom Checklist | The Post Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI) Symptom Checklist comprised 30 items, describing symptoms that are commonly experienced in the following days or weeks after a mTBI
The list comprises questions about physical changes, changes in thinking, changes in emotions or behaviours | NA | The higher number of items ticked, the greater post-mTBI symptoms |
| PPMS | A Passive Positive Mood Scale (PPMS) was developed for the study by Jensen-Johansen et al.,76 using words reflecting non-active positive mood to supplement the active positive mood items of the POMS vigour subscale
The PPMS consists of items reflecting passive positive mood in the past 7 days (positive/bright, balanced, glad, peaceful, relaxed, at ease, calm, contented) | NA | Higher scores indicate better passive positive mood |
| PSC | The Paediatric Symptom Checklist (PSC) is a 35-item psychosocial screen designed to facilitate the recognition of cognitive, emotional and behavioural problems
The PSC is the parent-completed version, as opposite to the Paediatric Symptom Checklist-Youth Report form (PSC-Y), which is the children-completed version (see p. 317) | Items are rated as never, sometimes or often present and scored 0, 1 and 2, respectively
The total score is calculated by adding together the score for each of the 35 items | A positive score on the PSC indicates need of further evaluation by a qualified health or mental health professional
Both false positive and false negative can occur and this should be interpreted by the appropriate professional |
| PSC-Y | The Paediatric Symptom Checklist-Youth Report form (PSC-Y; Little et al.241) contains 35 items to obtain a child’s report of their emotional and behavioural problems
The items describe specific emotions and behaviours, and the respondent is asked to indicate how often the items apply to them by checking always, sometimes or never |
For children aged 4 and 5 years, the PSC cut-off score is ≥ 24 For children and adolescents aged 6–16 years, a cut-off score of ≥ 28 indicates psychological impairment The cut-off score for the PSC-Y is ≥ 30
Items left blank are ignored. If more than four items are left blank, the questionnaire is considered invalid | A positive score on the PSC-Y indicates need of further evaluation by a qualified health or mental health professional. Both false positive and false negative can occur and this should be interpreted by the appropriate professional |
| PSQI | The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI; Buysse et al.242) evaluated habitual sleep disturbances over a 1-month period
It differentiates poor from good sleep quality by measuring seven areas (components): subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disturbances, use of sleeping medications, and daytime dysfunction over the last month | Responses for each item are: 0 (very good); 1 (fairly good); 2 (fairly bad); 3 (very bad)
The total score sums the seven item scores together | A total score of ≥ 5 is indicative of poor sleep quality |
| PSS | The 14-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) measure was used to assess the degree to which participants found their daily lives over the period of the past 4 weeks to be unpredictable, uncontrollable and overloading
The questionnaire is designed to quantify non-specific appraised stress over the previous month | From 1 (never) to 5 (very often) | Higher scores indicate higher levels of appraised stress |
| PSS-I | The Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Scale Interview (PSS-I; Foa et al.243)
The PSS-I was used to generate three PTSD subscale scores for re-experiencing, avoidance, and arousal symptoms
The PSS-I is a 17-item semistructured interview that assesses the presence and severity of DSM-IV PTSD symptoms related to a single identified traumatic event in individuals with a known trauma history. Each item is assessed with a brief, single question. There are no probes or follow-up questions. Interviewees are asked about symptoms they have experienced in the past 2 weeks | For each item, the interviewer assigns a rating to reflect a combination of frequency and severity from 0 (not at all) to 3 (five or more times per week/very much) | Higher scores indicate greater symptoms |
| PTGI | The Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI; Tedeschi and Calhoun244) measures the degree of positive changes reported after experiencing a traumatic event
The PTGI measures growth in five domains: new possibilities, relating to others, appreciation of life, personal strength, and spiritual changes
PTGI is a 21-item self-report inventory. In addition to an overall scale score, the PTGI comprises five factors:
relating to others new possibilities personal strength spiritual change appreciation for life
| 6-point Likert type scale, ranging from 0 (I did not experience this change as a result of my crisis) to 5 (a very great degree as a result of my crisis) | Higher scores indicate greater positive changes |
| QEDD | The diagnosis of eating disorder on the Questionnaire for Eating Disorder Diagnosis (QEDD; Mintz et al.245) is a 50-item diagnostic instrument based on DSM-I criteria | NA | NA |
| QOL | The Quality of Life Scale (QOL; Burckhardt et al.246), used in Broderick et al.,118 is a 16-item instrument (rather than the 15-item one found in the Flanagan version) designed to measure QoL across a broad array of life domains in patients with chronic illness
Independence, doing for yourself was added after a qualitative study indicated that the instrument had content validity in chronic illness groups but that it needed an item that reflected the importance to these people of remaining independent and able to care for themselves | 7-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (terrible) to 7 (delighted)
The instrument is scored by summing the items to make a total score | Higher scores indicate better QoL |
| RCMAS | The Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS; Reynolds and Richmond247) is subtitled What I Think and Feel, and contains 37 written statements describing feelings or behaviours that the individual is asked to respond to by circling yes or no
This measure assesses the level and nature of children’s anxiety. The yes responses are counted to determine a total anxiety score. There a four subscales (for which scores can be calculated separately): physiological anxiety; worry/oversensitivity; social concerns/concentration; lie | NA |
High scores on the physiological factor (items 1, 5, 9, 13, 17, 19, 21, 25, 29, 33) can indicate physiological signs of anxiety (e.g. sweaty hands, stomach aches) High scores on the worry/oversensitivity factor (items 2, 6, 7, 10, 14, 18, 22, 26, 30, 34, 37) would suggest that the child internalises their experiences of anxiety and that he/she may feel overwhelmed and withdraw High scores on the concentration anxiety factor (items 3, 11, 15, 23, 27, 31, 35) would suggest that the child is likely to feel that he/she is unable to meet the expectations of other important people, inadequate and unable to concentrate on tasks
|
| RSQ | The Recovery Style Questionnaire (RSQ; Drayton et al.248) is a 39-item self-report measure with the categories developed by McGlashan et al.249 integration vs. sealing over styles of adaptation to psychotic illness
The RSQ includes 13 aspects of recovery style, each of which is assessed by three items | Using a formula (Drayton 1998), the scores on each of these aspects are combined into the six following classifications along one dimension:
Integration Towards integrating A mixed picture in which integration dominates A mixed picture in which sealing over dominates Towards sealing over Sealing over Scores were summed across the items to provide a total score
| Higher scores indicate greater recovery style |
| Rumination Scale | The Rumination Scale (McIntosh et al.,250) consists of a 10-item report that assesses people’s tendency to engage in ruminative thinking | NA | NA |
| SAM | The paper-and-pencil version of the Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM; Bradley and Lang251) obtains participant’s ratings of valence (pleasantness) and arousal in response to each session (self-reported emotion) | 9-point Likert-type scale:
| Higher scores indicate greater pleasantness |
| SAPASI | The Self-Administered Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (SAPASI; Sampogna et al.252), a patient-rated, psoriasis-specific outcome measure, is a widely validated instrument that provides an objective measure of disease severity, and has been effectively used in previous studies
Participants rate the colour, induration, and scaliness of an average psoriatic lesion using three modified VASs. As in the original PASI, the SAPASI weights the involvement of the head (H), upper extremities (U), trunk (T) and legs (L) as 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% of the total body area, respectively | SAPASI = (0,1 × AH) + (0,2 × AU) + (0,3 × AT) + (0,4 × AL) | Higher scores indicate greater severity |
| SCL-90-R | The Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R) is a 90-item, self-report measure of current psychological symptomatology, including global psychological distress
It is a multidimensional complaint list based on a self-assessment covering an important part of the compliant that can be seen in the psychiatric inpatient clinic | 5-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (not at all) to 4 (extremely)
Items are summed for a total score | Higher scores indicate greater distress and psychological symptoms |
| SCS | The Social Constraints Scale (SCS; Lepore and Ituarte253) is a 15-item scale assessing perceived inadequacy of social support resulting in reluctance among individuals to express thoughts and feelings about a specific stressor, in this case their cancer experience
Example items include: How often did they avoid you? How often did they minimise your problems? How often did they tell you to try not to think about your cancer? and How often did they make you feel as though you had to keep feelings about your cancer to yourself, because they made him/her feel uncomfortable?
In Zakowski et al.,84 two forms of the SCS were used: one asking about constraints from patient’s spouse or partner and one asking about constraints from people in their lives other than their spouse or partner (e.g. friends or family members)
The mean of the two constraint scores in all analyses (among the 19 patients who had no current spouse or partner, the constraints from others score was used, in that we considered this score to be reflective of their average constraint level) were used in the aforementioned study | Scores range from 15 (low constraints) to 60 (high constraints) | Higher scores indicate higher social constraints |
| SDSCA | Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities scale (revised) (SDSCA; Toobert et al.254)
Splits into general diet, specific diet, exercise, blood glucose testing and foot care subscales | NA | NA |
| Self-rated health status (a) | Compared with the person in excellent health, how would you rate your health at the present time? | 7-point scale from 1 (terrible) to 7 (excellent) | Higher scores indicate better health |
| Self-rated health status (b) | How you rate your health overall? | From 1 (very bad) to 5 (very good) | Higher scores indicate better health |
| Serum cytokine levels of TNF-α, IL-4 and IL-10 | Levels were determined using a high sensitivity ELISA sandwich essay
In this method, the concentration of the selected cytokine in the serum is calculated from the linear portion of a standard curve of purified cytokine at known concentrations | The detection limits of the assay were < 0.25 pg/ml | The detectable range for TNF-α was 0.5–32 pg/ml and for IL-10 0.8–50 pg/ml |
| Sexual health and performance | In the included study by Pauley et al.,82 sexual health and performance was assessed by a designed 6-item measure created by the authors
The scale was intended to work as two separate subscales: one measuring performance and the other measuring sexual desire | NA | Higher scores indicate greater levels |
| SF-12 | The Short Form questionnaire-12 items (SF-12; Ware et al.255) is a widely used, brief generic measure of self-reported health status derived from the larger SF-36 survey
Self-ratings are made of severity and frequency of 12 physical and mental health problems, as well as of their impact on the patient’s overall perceived health status
This modified version of the SF-36 has consistently been shown to have good reliability and validity | It yields both physical health and mental health summary scores, which are reported as standard scores | Slower scores indicated positive psychological and physical health |
| SF-36 | The Medical Outcomes Short Form questionnaire-36 items (SF-36; Ware and Sherbourne256) is used to evaluate psychological (SF mental), physical health (SF physical) and general health
The eight subscales include (a) limitations in physical activities because of health problems; (b) limitations in social activities because of physical or emotional problems; (c) limitations in usual role activities because of physical health problems; (d) bodily pain; (e) general mental health (psychological distress and well-being); (f) limitations in usual role activities because of emotional problems; (g) vitality (energy and fatigue); and (h) general health perceptions
A physical health composite score embodies concepts (a), (c), (e) and (g) and a mental health composite score embodies concepts (b), (d), (e) and (f)
This instrument has been also used a measure of HRQoL
In the included study by Broderick et al.,118 four additional subscales from the MOS-SF-36 General Health Survey were selected: overall health, social functioning, health distress, and cognitive dysfunction. Three additional items assessing tiredness on awakening, tiredness during the day, and quality of sleep were rated over the past week on 4-point scales | 6-point Likert scale from 1 (excellent) to 5 (worst) | Lower scores indicated positive psychological and physical health |
| SF-36v2 Health Survey | The SF-36v2 Health Survey (Ware257) is a 36-item inventory that yields eight scale scores and two summary scores for physical and mental health
The 1998 US norm-based scoring in version 2 allows for ready interpretation of scores relative to general population norms
The eight scaled scores are the weighted sums of the questions in their section. Each scale is directly transformed into a 0–100 scale. The eight sections are vitality, physical functioning, bodily pain, general health perceptions, physical role functioning, emotional role functioning, social role functioning and mental health
In the included study by Broderick et al.,118 the Pain Catastrophising Scale served as a primary outcome, because it measures the physical health status of the patient. The Mental Component Summary (MCS) was also examined to determine whether a psychological impact of the intervention was observed | Total score in each component ranges from 0 to 100 | The higher the score the less disability |
| SGRQ | The St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) is a disease-specific instrument designed to measure impact on overall health, daily life and perceived well-being, to be used in patients with fixed and reversible airway obstruction
It has 76 questions in three sections: symptoms (frequency and severity), activity (activities that cause or are limited by breathlessness) and impacts (social functioning and psychological disturbances resulting from airways disease) | Total score ranges from 0 to 100 | Higher scores indicate poor health |
| SIP | The Sickness Impact Profile (SIP; de Bruin et al.258) used in the included study by Hughes54 is 136 items
The SIP contains three items: the physical functioning scale, mobility subscale (SIP-m), and the recreation and pastimes subscale (SIP-r&p-t)
The SIP describes activities of daily living divided in 12 categories | Numerical scale | Higher scores indicate greater dysfunction |
| Skindex-29 | The Skindex-29 (Chren et al.259) has been shown to be a valuable tool for measuring HRQoL (QoL) in dermatological patients, as reported in the included study by Paradisi et al.110
Its Italian version was developed following guidelines for the cross-cultural adaptation of HRQoL measures and validated in a previous survey260 | VAS scale from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst possible) | Higher scores indicate poorer QoL |
| SOC | The Sense of Coherence Scale (SOC) is a 13-item self-report instrument (Antonovsky261) based on the following underlying constructs: comprehensibility, manageability and meaningfulness
The SOC items are scored along the 7-point scale | 7-point scale with two anchoring phrases: ‘until now life has had no clear goals or purpose at all’ and ‘until now life has had very clear goals and purpose’ | Higher scores indicate a strong sense of coherence |
| Social Constraints Scale | The Social Constraints Scale (Lepore et al.262) is a 15-item scale assessing perceived inadequacy of social support resulting in reluctance to express thoughts and feelings about a specific stressor, in this case, experience with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (e.g. How often did they tell you not to think about amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?)
All items referred to respondent’s experiences over the prior week | 5-point scale ranging from 1 (almost never) to 5 (almost always) | Higher scores indicate greater social constraint |
| Somatisation Scale | The Somatisation Scale (13 items) includes 13 common physical complaints (e.g. stomach pain, back pain, headaches), from which a severity score can be calculated | Range 0–4 | NR |
| SOPA | The control subscale of the Survey of Pain Attitudes (SOPA; Jensen et al.263) is a questionnaire to measure feelings of personal control over pain
The SOPA is the most widely used measure of pain-related attitudes (De Good and Tait;264 Jensen et al.263) | 5-point scale from 0 (this is very untrue for me) to 4 (this is very true for me)
After reversing responses on the four absence of control items, responses are summed to create a total score | Higher scores indicate greater control over pain |
| SOS | The Significant Others Scale (SOS) measured how much practical and emotional support that individual provided responding to two questions for each item:
Emotional support answered by:
(1) Can you trust, talk frankly and share your feelings with this person? (2) Can you lean on and turn to this person in times of difficulty?
Practical support:
| From 1 (never) to 7 (always) scale | Higher scores indicate greater emotional support |
| SSQ Asthma | The Wasserfallen Symptom Score Questionnaire (SSQ): asthma subscale | NA | NA |
| SSQ Awakenings | The Wasserfallen Symptom Score Questionnaire (SSQ): awakenings subscale | NA | NA |
| STAI-S | The State/Trait Anxiety Scale (STAI-S) is a 20-item, self-report instrument that assesses the subjective feelings of apprehension, nervousness and anxiety at the moment | 4-point Likert scale ranging from not at all, somewhat, moderately so, to very much so | Higher scores indicate greater state anxiety |
| Stigma Scale | The Stigma Scale, designed for individuals diagnosed with HIV/AIDS, consisted of 13 items that evaluated fear, avoidance, and perceived negative responses related to HIV status | 1–4 ordinal scale reported as strongly, not at all, rarely, sometimes, often
Total scores ranging from a low of 13 to a high of 52 | Higher scores equating to greater stigma |
| Survey–18 physical symptoms items | The Survey–18 physical symptoms items includes items derived from other reports for their appropriateness for the sample in the included study by Henry et al.53 (Anderson and Tewfik;265 Ganz and Coscarelli;266 Whelan et al.267)
Example symptoms included fatigue, nausea, appetite loss, breast pain, hair loss, weight gain, hot flashes, itchiness or discomfort of the skin, decreased arm mobility and swelling of the arm | A 7-point scale was used, ranging from 1 (not at all) to 7 (severe) | Higher scores indicate greater physical symptoms |
| SUS | The Social Undermining Scale (SUS; Vinokur and van Ryn268) assesses the extent to which each of the four most important people in participant’s lives caused them distress by acting in an unpleasant or angry manner towards them, criticising them or making their life difficult | 5-point scale | |
| Swollen joint count | Joint swelling reflects local inflammation and limited motion in affected areas. The patient’s rheumatologist, blind to the patient’s experimental condition, evaluated 16 joints bilaterally (five interphalangeal and five metacarpal phalangeal joints in addition to shoulder, elbow, wrist, knee ankle and metatarsals, for a total of 32 joints) and the presence or absence of swelling was recorded for each joint | | |
| Symptom and Emotion Self-report Survey | Participants rated the degree to which they were currently experiencing physical symptoms and emotions. The symptom items were averaged to yield a symptom score, and emotion items were averaged to form positive and negative emotion scores | 5-point scale from 1 (not at all) to 5 (a great deal) and scored | |
| Symptom Checklist-90-Revised | Physical symptoms are reported on a 12-item somatisation subscale of the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R)
In the included study by D’Souza et al.101 symptoms were rated regarding the past month, and ratings were totalled | Rated from 0 (not at all) to 4 (extremely) | |
| SLESQ | The Stressful Life Events Screening Questionnaire (SLESQ) (10 items) includes 10 psychosocial complaints common among health-care seeking populations (e.g. difficulties with family support, problems with significant others, and financial concerns) | Range 1–4 | NR |
| The Ways of Coping-Cancer Version | The Ways of Coping-Cancer Version is a self-report checklist of coping responses to cancer-related stressors
It assesses the frequency of problem-focused and emotion-focused coping efforts | | |
| TLEQ | The Trauma Life Experience Questionnaire (TLEQ; Kubany et al.269) is a 23-item self-report measure of 22 types of potentially traumatic events including natural disasters, exposure to warfare, robbery involving a weapon, physical abuse and being stalked
TLEQ measures type and frequency of trauma event exposures, and responses to these exposures
The TLEQ has strong psychometric properties (Kubany et al.269) and was completed at the baseline assessment
Trauma exposure was scored only if the person indicated exposure to the traumatic event and a response to the event that was consistent with DSM-IV PTSD criterion A2 | For each event, respondents are asked to provide the number of times it occurred, ranging from never to more than five times, and whether fear, helplessness or horror was present: yes/no | Higher scores indicate greater trauma |
| TLFB abstinence | Timeline Followback Method (TLFB) of assessing number of abstinent days | | Larger number means longer abstinence |
| UCLA-Charles | The UCLA-Charles R Drew University Women and Family Project (Wyatt and Chin270) was adapted to assess changes in meaning and perceived benefits
Participants were asked how, if at all, being HIV positive changed the way they think about themselves, changed them as a person, changed the way they are with other people, and changed their priorities
Different categories were developed, based on the literature and on an initial analysis of 14 patients | Ten categories of positive changes, six categories of negative changes and three categories of mixed or neutral changes, as well as codes for uncategorised positive and negative changes
The number of changes falling into the positive categories and negative categories was computed for each participant | Higher scores indicate greater changes? |
| VSQ-9 | The Visit Specific Satisfaction Questionnaire (VSQ; Ware and Hays271), a self-report measure administered to participants and providers at the conclusion of the 3-month follow-up period | To score the VSQ-9, the responses from each individual should be transformed linearly to a 0–100 scale, with 100 corresponding to excellent and 0 corresponding to poor
Responses to the nine VSQ items should then be averaged together to create a VSQ-9 score for each person | Higher scores indicate greater satisfaction related to the visits |
| Walking speed and grip strength | In the included study by Lumley et al.,115 patients were instructed to walk as quickly as possible, but safely down a 50-foot corridor, and recorded the time to do so in seconds
In addition, patient’s grip strength was assessed by having them squeeze, as firmly as possible, a sphygmomanometer bulb, and the pressure generated was recorded from two trials with each hand; all four values were averaged to a single score | NA | Walking speed: higher values mean slower walking
Grip strength: higher values indicate better functioning |
| Well-being | In the included study by Cepeda et al.85 each patient’s sense of general well-being was rated | 7-point Likert scale from awful to excellent | Higher scores indicate better well-being |
| WHYMPI –pain subscale | The Pain Severity subscale of the West Haven-Yale Multidimensional Pain Inventory (WHYMPI; Kerns et al.272) is a 61-item self-report inventory across three domains
The WHYMPI is for use in chronic pain populations. It generates 13 empirically derived scale scores, including pain severity, perception of how pain interferes with daily life activities, appraisals of the support received from significant others, and perception of how significant others respond to their displays of pain | From 0 to 6 | Higher scores indicate more extreme pain |
