Parameter distributions used in the probabilistic sensitivity analysis

Sarah Davis; Marrissa Martyn-St James; Jean Sanderson; John Stevens; Edward Goka; Andrew Rawdin; Susi Sadler; Ruth Wong; Fiona Campbell; Matt Stevenson; Mark Strong; Peter Selby; Neil Gittoes

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Davis S, Martyn-St James M, Sanderson J, et al. A systematic review and economic evaluation of bisphosphonates for the prevention of fragility fractures. Southampton (UK): NIHR Journals Library; 2016 Oct. (Health Technology Assessment, No. 20.78.)

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A systematic review and economic evaluation of bisphosphonates for the prevention of fragility fractures.

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Appendix 8Parameter distributions used in the probabilistic sensitivity analysis

TABLE 51

Distributions assigned to the parameters used in the model

Parameter description	Distribution	Mean	Standard error	Parameter 1	Parameter 2	Source(s)
Patients hospitalised
Following vertebral fracture	Beta	0.40	NA	α = 587	β = 884	Gutierrez et al.²³⁴
Following wrist or forearm fracture	Beta	0.29	NA	α = 2081	β = 4989	Gutierrez et al.²³⁴
Following humerus fracture	Beta	0.35	NA	α = 894	β = 1651	Gutierrez et al.²³⁴
Following hip fracture	Fixed	1.00	NA	NA	NA	Gutierrez et al.²³³
A&E visits
Following vertebral fracture	Beta	0.11	NA	α = 171	β = 1300	Gutierrez et al.²³⁴
Following wrist or forearm fracture	Beta	0.21	NA	α = 1489	β = 5581	Gutierrez et al.²³⁴
Following humerus fracture	Beta	0.18	NA	α = 469	β = 2076	Gutierrez et al.²³⁴
Following hip fracture	Beta	0.18	NA	α = 442	β = 1985	Gutierrez et al.²³³
GP visits
Following vertebral fracture	Beta	0.97	NA	α = 1425	β = 46	Gutierrez et al.²³⁴
Following wrist or forearm fracture	Beta	0.95	NA	α = 6689	β = 381	Gutierrez et al.²³⁴
Following humerus fracture	Beta	0.94	NA	α = 2385	β = 160	Gutierrez et al.²³⁴
Following hip fracture	Beta	0.88	NA	α = 2141	β = 286	Gutierrez et al.²³³
Referral visits
Following vertebral fracture	Beta	0.50	NA	α = 730	β = 741	Gutierrez et al.²³⁴
Following wrist or forearm fracture	Beta	0.37	NA	α = 2623	β = 4447	Gutierrez et al.²³⁴
Following humerus fracture	Beta	0.34	NA	α = 875	β = 1670	Gutierrez et al.²³⁴
Following hip fracture	Beta	0.33	NA	α = 805	β = 1622	Gutierrez et al.²³³
Patient deaths
Following vertebral fracture	Beta	0.09	NA	α = 131	β = 1340	Gutierrez et al.²³⁴
Following wrist or forearm fracture	Beta	0.04	NA	α = 271	β = 6799	Gutierrez et al.²³⁴
Following humerus fracture	Beta	0.07	NA	α = 197	β = 2348	Gutierrez et al.²³⁴
Following hip fracture	Beta	0.08	NA	α = 197	β = 2230	Gutierrez et al.²³³
Patients hospitalised
Matched controls for vertebral fracture	Beta	0.17	NA	α = 245	β = 1226	Gutierrez et al.²³⁴
Matched controls for wrist or forearm fracture	Beta	0.13	NA	α = 895	β = 6175	Gutierrez et al.²³⁴
Matched controls for humerus fracture	Beta	0.15	NA	α = 383	β = 2162	Gutierrez et al.²³⁴
Matched controls for hip fracture	Beta	0.18	NA	α = 432	β = 1995	Gutierrez et al.²³³
A&E visits
Matched controls for vertebral fracture	Beta	0.04	NA	α = 64	β = 1407	Gutierrez et al.²³⁴
Matched controls for wrist or forearm fracture	Beta	0.03	NA	α = 208	β = 6862	Gutierrez et al.²³⁴
Matched controls for humerus fracture	Beta	0.03	NA	α = 82	β = 2463	Gutierrez et al.²³⁴
Matched controls for hip fracture	Beta	0.04	NA	α = 95	β = 2332	Gutierrez et al.²³³
GP visits
Matched controls for vertebral fracture	Beta	0.90	NA	α = 1319	β = 152	Gutierrez et al.²³⁴
Matched controls for wrist or forearm fracture	Beta	0.89	NA	α = 6268	β = 802	Gutierrez et al.²³⁴
Matched controls for humerus fracture	Beta	0.91	NA	α = 2305	β = 240	Gutierrez et al.²³⁴
Matched controls for hip fracture	Beta	0.91	NA	α = 2200	β = 227	Gutierrez et al.²³³
Referral visits
Matched controls for vertebral fracture	Beta	0.32	NA	α = 475	β = 996	Gutierrez et al.²³⁴
Matched controls for wrist or forearm fracture	Beta	0.28	NA	α = 1988	β = 5082	Gutierrez et al.²³⁴
Matched controls for humerus fracture	Beta	0.29	NA	α = 749	β = 1796	Gutierrez et al.²³⁴
Matched controls for hip fracture	Beta	0.32	NA	α = 775	β = 1652	Gutierrez et al.²³³
Difference in medications prescribed between patients with a previous fracture and those without
Following vertebral fracture	Normal	22.35	2.16	µ = 2.35	σ = 2.16	Gutierrez et al.²³⁴
Following wrist or forearm fracture	Normal	4.61	0.61	µ = 4.61	σ = 0.61	Gutierrez et al.²³⁴
Following humerus fracture	Normal	4.61	0.61	µ = 4.61	σ = 0.61	Gutierrez et al.²³⁴
Following hip fracture	Normal	12.34	1.72	µ = 2.34	σ = 1.72	Gutierrez et al.²³³
Utility multipliers in year of fracture
Hip fracture	Beta	0.69	0.016	α = 575.84	β = 258.71	Ström et al.²²⁶
Vertebral fracture	Beta	0.57	0.035	α = 113.48	β = 85.61	Ström et al.²²⁶
Humerus fracture	Beta	0.86	0.085	α = 13.47	β = 2.19	Ström et al.²²⁶
Wrist or forearm fracture	Beta	0.88	0.015	α = 412.13	β = 56.20	Zethraeus et al.²²⁰
Utility multiplier in subsequent years
Hip fracture	Beta	0.85	0.016	α = 422.49	β = 74.56	Ström et al.²²⁶
Vertebral fracture	Beta	0.66	0.035	α = 120.24	β = 61.94	Strom et al.²²⁶
Humerus fracture	Fixed	1.00	NA	NA	NA	Zethraeus et al. ²²⁰
Wrist or forearm fracture	Beta	0.98	0.015	α = 84.39	β = 1.72	Ström et al.²²⁶
Patient admitted to nursing home	Beta	0.63	0.191	α = 3.38	β = 2.03	Tidermark et al.²²⁵
Life expectancy for patient suffering a fatal hip fracture	Fixed	0.25	NA	NA	NA	Assumption
RR of mortality following hip fracture for patients admitted to a nursing home	Log-normal	0.57	0.074	µ = –0.56212	σ = 0.13150	Smith et al.¹⁵⁷
Duration of treatment (years)
Alendronic acid/risedronic acid/ibandronic acid (oral)	Normal	0.504	0.028	µ = 0.504	σ = 0.028	Imaz et al.¹²⁸
ibandronic acid (i.v. preparation)	Normal	1.100	0.041	µ = 1.100	σ = 0.041	Curtis et al. 2012¹⁷⁰
Zoledronic acid	Normal	1.700	0.018	µ = 1.700	σ = 0.018	Curtis et al. 2012¹⁷⁰
Annual cost of treatment
Alendronic acid	Fixed	£14.73	NA	NA	NA	Drug tariff¹⁵¹
Risedronic acid	Fixed	£16.43	NA	NA	NA	Drug tariff¹⁵¹
ibandronic acid (oral preparation)	Fixed	£13.58	NA	NA	NA	Drug tariff¹⁵¹
ibandronic acid (i.v. preparation)	Fixed	£221.52	NA	NA	NA	eMIT¹⁵²
Zoledronic acid	Fixed	£339.67	NA	NA	NA	eMIT¹⁵²
Patient admitted to nursing home	Fixed	£36,608.00	NA	NA	NA	Care Quality Commission²³⁶ and Curtis²⁶
Hours of home help per week in first 4 months after fracture
Hip fracture	Normal	1.87	0.30	µ = 1.87	σ = 0.30	Borgström et al.²⁰⁷
Vertebral fracture	Normal	1.88	0.50	µ = 1.88	σ = 0.50	Borgström et al.²⁰⁷
Humerus/wrist or forearm fracture	Normal	0.21	0.10	µ = 0.21	σ = 0.10	Borgström et al.²⁰⁷
Hours of home help per week in months 8–12 following fracture
Hip fracture	Normal	1.42	0.21	µ = 1.42	σ = 0.21	Borgström et al.²⁰⁷
Vertebral fracture	Normal	2.56	0.61	µ = 2.56	σ = 0.61	Borgström et al.²⁰⁷
Humerus/wrist or forearm fracture	Normal	0.07	0.04	µ = 0.07	σ = 0.04	Borgström et al.²⁰⁷

: NA, not available.

TABLE 52

Distributions used in the PSA for the increased risk of fracture following incident fracture

Description	Distribution	Mid-point	Standard error	Parameter 1	Parameter 2	Source
HR for future hip fracture given
Prior hip fracture	Log-normal	2.3	0.561	µ = 0.832909	σ = 0.230323	Klotzbuecher et al.¹⁴⁹
Prior vertebral fracture	Log-normal	2.3	0.204	µ = 0.832909	σ = 0.085835	Klotzbuecher et al.¹⁴⁹
Prior humerus fracture	Log-normal	2.0	0.077	µ = 0.693147	σ = 0.037399	Klotzbuecher et al.¹⁴⁹
Prior wrist/forearm fracture	Log-normal	1.9	0.153	µ = 0.641854	σ = 0.081238	Klotzbuecher et al.¹⁴⁹
HR for future vertebral fracture given
Prior hip fracture	Log-normal	2.5	0.434	µ = 0.916291	σ = 0.169637	Klotzbuecher et al.¹⁴⁹
Prior vertebral fracture	Log-normal	4.4	0.459	µ = 1.481605	σ = 0.103435	Klotzbuecher et al.¹⁴⁹
Prior humerus fracture	Log-normal	2.0	0.204	µ = 0.693147	σ = 0.103435	Klotzbuecher et al.¹⁴⁹
Prior wrist/forearm fracture	Log-normal	1.7	0.179	µ = 0.530628	σ = 0.103435	Klotzbuecher et al.¹⁴⁹
HR for future humerus fracture given
Prior hip fracture	Log-normal	2.1	4.337	µ = 0.741937	σ = 1.034357	Warriner et al.²¹³
Prior vertebral fracture	Log-normal	1.6	0.587	µ = 0.470004	σ = 0.371247	Warriner et al.²¹³
Prior humerus fracture	Log-normal	2.1	4.337	µ = 0.741937	σ = 1.034357	Klotzbuecher et al.¹⁴⁹
Prior wrist/forearm fracture	Log-normal	2.5	2.449	µ = 0.916291	σ = 0.722759	Warriner et al.²¹³
HR for future wrist/forearm fracture given
Prior hip fracture	Log-normal	3.0	1.327	µ = 1.098612	σ = 0.410571	Warriner et al.²¹³
Prior vertebral fracture	Log-normal	1.4	0.128	µ = 0.336472	σ = 0.088854	Klotzbuecher et al.¹⁴⁹
Prior humerus fracture	Log-normal	1.9	0.383	µ = 0.641854	σ = 0.195728	Klotzbuecher et al.¹⁴⁹
Prior wrist/forearm fracture	Log-normal	3.3	0.383	µ = 1.193922	σ = 0.142759	Klotzbuecher et al.¹⁴⁹

TABLE 53

Distributions used in the PSA for the probability of mortality following hip fracture

Description	Distribution	Mean	Standard error	Parameter 1	Parameter 2	Source
Female patients, age (years)
30–39	Fixed	0.000	NA	NA	NA	van Staa et al.¹⁴¹
40–49	Fixed	0.000	NA	NA	NA	van Staa et al.¹⁴¹
50–59	Beta	0.024	NA	α = 21.649	β = 880.386	van Staa et al.¹⁴¹
60–69	Beta	0.044	NA	α = 109.383	β = 2376.587	van Staa et al.¹⁴¹
70–79	Beta	0.075	NA	α = 301.095	β = 3713.504	van Staa et al.¹⁴¹
80–89	Beta	0.114	NA	α = 433.698	β = 3370.667	van Staa et al.¹⁴¹
90–99	Beta	0.136	NA	α = 139.921	β = 888.912	van Staa et al.¹⁴³
Male patients, age (years)
30–39	NA	0.000	NA	NA	NA	–
40–49	NA	0.000	NA	NA	NA	–
50–59	NA	0.037	NA	NA	NA	–
60–69	NA	0.072	NA	NA	NA	–
70–79	NA	0.134	NA	NA	NA	–
80–89	NA	0.181	NA	NA	NA	–
90–99	NA	0.200	NA	NA	NA	–

: NA, not available.
: Note
: For male patients the values sampled for female patients are multiplies by a sex–mortality ratio taken from Roberts and Goldacre.¹⁸⁹

TABLE 54

Distributions used in the PSA for the probability of nursing home admission following fracture

Description	Distribution	Mean	Standard error	Parameter 1	Parameter 2	Source
Overall rate of new admission to nursing home across all ages and sex	Beta	20%	NA	α = 274	β = 1370	Najayan et al.²⁰⁶
Female patients
Age 30–39 years	Not sampled	0.000	NA	NA	NA	Najayan et al.²⁰⁶
Age 40–49 years		0.000	NA	NA	NA	Najayan et al.²⁰⁶
Age 50–59 years		0.035	NA	NA	NA	Najayan et al.²⁰⁶
Age 60–69 years		0.064	NA	NA	NA	Najayan et al.²⁰⁶
Age 70–79 years		0.113	NA	NA	NA	Najayan et al.²⁰⁶
Age 80–89 years		0.192	NA	NA	NA	Najayan et al.²⁰⁶
Age 90–99 years		0.307	NA	NA	NA	Najayan et al.²⁰⁶
Male patients
Age 30–39 years	Not sampled	0.000	NA	NA	NA	Najayan et al.²⁰⁶
Age 40–49 years		0.000	NA	NA	NA	Najayan et al.²⁰⁶
Age 50–59 years		0.057	NA	NA	NA	Najayan et al.²⁰⁶
Age 60–69 years		0.102	NA	NA	NA	Najayan et al.²⁰⁶
Age 70–79 years		0.175	NA	NA	NA	Najayan et al.²⁰⁶
Age 80–89 years		0.284	NA	NA	NA	Najayan et al.²⁰⁶
Age 90–99 years		0.425	NA	NA	NA	Najayan et al.²⁰⁶

: NA, not available.

TABLE 55

Distributions used in the PSA for the probability of mortality following vertebral fracture

Description	Distribution	Mean	Standard error	Parameter 1	Parameter 2	Source
All patients
Age 30–39 years	Fixed	0.000	NA	NA	NA	van Staa et al.¹⁴¹
Age 40–49 years	Fixed	0.000	NA	NA	NA	van Staa et al.¹⁴¹
Age 50–59 years	Beta	0.023	NA	α = 85.581	β = 3635.314	van Staa et al.¹⁴¹
Age 60–69 years	Beta	0.035	NA	α = 247.105	β = 6813.048	van Staa et al.¹⁴¹
Age 70–79 years	Beta	0.052	NA	α = 378.597	β = 6902.117	van Staa et al.¹⁴¹
Age 80–89 years	Beta	0.067	NA	α = 285.369	β = 3973.865	van Staa et al.¹⁴¹
Age 90–99 years	Beta	0.066	NA	α = 53.757	β = 760.736	van Staa et al.¹⁴¹

: NA, not available.

TABLE 56

Distributions used in the PSA for A&E treatment in the year after fracture

Service code, currency code and description	Number of patients treated	Mean unit cost (£)	SD (£)	Distribution	Parameter 1	Parameter 2
T02 A, VB07Z emergency medicine, category 2 investigation with category 2 treatment patient admitted	34,920	94	£28	Gamma	κ = 382,885.49	θ = 0.0002
T02NA, VB07Z emergency medicine, category 2 investigation with category 2 treatment patient not admitted	24,835	82	£39	Gamma	κ = 109,477.62	θ = 0.0007

: Source was 2013/14 NHS reference costs.¹⁵⁰

TABLE 57

Distributions used in the PSA for referrals in the year after fracture

Service code, currency code and description	Number of patients treated	Mean unit cost (£)	SD (£)	Distribution	Parameter 1	Parameter 2
WF01B, 302 non-consultant-led outpatient appointments, first attendance, not admitted, face to face, endocrinology	109,162	186.54	66	Gamma	κ = 955.04	θ = 0.20
WF01 A, 302 non-consultant-led outpatient appointments, follow-up attendance, not admitted, face to face, endocrinology	353,215	133.00	47	Gamma	κ = 989.53	θ = 0.13

: Source was 2013/14 NHS reference costs.¹⁵⁰

TABLE 58

Distributions used in the PSA for hospitalisation for humerus fracture in the year after fracture

Currency code and description	Number of patients treated	Mean unit cost (£)	SD (£)	Distribution	Parameter 1	Parameter 2
Non-elective inpatient procedures, long stay
HA61B major shoulder or upper arm procedures for trauma, with cc	951	7194	1931	Gamma	κ = 1943.78	θ = 3.7
HA61C major shoulder or upper arm procedures for trauma, without cc	1880	4305	1270	Gamma	κ = 1618.63	θ = 2.66
HA62Z intermediate shoulder or upper arm procedures for trauma	249	3654	1613	Gamma	κ = 549.10	θ = 6.65
HA63Z minor shoulder or upper arm procedures for trauma	611	2520	944	Gamma	κ = 947.75	θ = 2.66
HA69Z minimal shoulder or upper arm procedures for trauma	1	323	NA	Fixed	NA	NA
Non-elective inpatient procedures, long stay, excess bed-day
HA61B major shoulder or upper arm procedures for trauma, with cc	1,622	276.43	110	Gamma	κ = 421.63	θ = 0.66
HA61C major shoulder or upper arm procedures for trauma, without cc	3010	312.62	89	Gamma	κ = 1607.77	θ = 0.19
HA62Z intermediate shoulder or upper arm procedures for trauma	1158	294.37	114	Gamma	κ = 380.05	θ = 0.77
HA63Z minor shoulder or upper arm procedures for trauma	2155	244.89	86	Gamma	κ = 800.88	θ = 0.31

: cc, complications and comorbidities; NA, not available.
: Source was 2013/14 NHS reference costs.¹⁵⁰

TABLE 59

Distributions used in the PSA for hospitalisation for wrist fracture in the year after fracture

Currency code and description	Number of patients treated	Mean unit cost (£)	SD (£)	Distribution	Parameter 1	Parameter 2
Non-elective inpatient procedures, long stay
HA71B major elbow or lower arm procedures for trauma, with cc	1356	3835	1196	Gamma	κ = 186.41	θ = 7.27
HA71C major elbow or lower arm procedures for trauma, without cc	7494	2913	888	Gamma	κ = 10,408.22	θ = 0.72
HA72Z intermediate elbow or lower arm procedures for trauma	845	2585	1026	Gamma	κ = 87.52	θ = 9.66
HA73B minor elbow or lower arm procedures for trauma, 18 years and under	869	1637	492	Gamma	κ = 369.14	θ = 2.19
HA73C minor elbow or lower arm procedures for trauma, 19 years and over	963	1481	704	Gamma	κ = 254.31	θ = 3.79
HA79Z minimal elbow or lower arm procedures for trauma	1	371	NA	Fixed	NA	NA
Non-elective inpatient procedures, long stay, excess bed-day
HA71B major elbow or lower arm procedures for trauma, with cc	2475	291	£88	Gamma	κ = 993.96	θ = 0.29
HA71C major elbow or lower arm procedures for trauma, without cc	3716	314	£120	Gamma	κ = 974.53	θ = 0.32
HA72Z intermediate elbow or lower arm procedures for trauma	975	256	£101	Gamma	κ = 531.39	θ = 0.48
HA73B minor elbow or lower arm procedures for trauma, 18 years and under	110	379	£144	Gamma	κ = 152.54	θ = 2.48
HA73C minor elbow or lower arm procedures for trauma, 19 years and over	2703	265	£93	Gamma	κ = 943.70	θ = 0.28

: cc, complications and comorbidities; NA, not available.
: Source was 2013/14 NHS reference costs.¹⁵⁰

TABLE 60

Distributions used in the PSA for hospitalisation for hip fracture (procedure costs) in the year after fracture

Currency code and description	Number of patients treated	Mean unit cost (£)	SD (£)	Distribution	Parameter 1	Parameter 2
Non-elective inpatient procedures, long stay
HA11 A major hip procedures for trauma, category 2, with major cc	713	13,408	4678	Gamma	κ = 1117.05	θ = 12.00
HA11B major hip procedures for trauma, category 2, with intermediate cc	319	8791	3503	Gamma	κ = 680.27	θ = 12.92
HA11C major hip procedures for trauma, category 2, without cc	773	7337	1847	Gamma	κ = 2051.83	θ = 3.58
HA12B major hip procedures for trauma, category 1, with cc	19,080	8210	1786	Gamma	κ = 3064.35	θ = 2.68
HA12C major hip procedures for trauma, category 1, without cc	9890	6417	1159	Gamma	κ = 4507.56	θ = 1.42
HA13A intermediate hip procedures for trauma, with major cc	10,212	8237	1997	Gamma	κ = 2415.09	θ = 3.41
HA13B intermediate hip procedures for trauma, with intermediate cc	5355	6570	1726	Gamma	κ = 2057.28	θ = 3.19
HA13C intermediate hip procedures for trauma, without cc	9673	5551	1129	Gamma	κ = 3528.05	θ = 1.57
HA14A minor hip procedures for trauma, with major cc	249	7312	3737	Gamma	κ = 398.07	θ = 18.37
HA14B minor hip procedures for trauma, with intermediate cc	216	4905	2020	Gamma	κ = 595.70	θ = 8.23
HA14C minor hip procedures for trauma, without cc	645	3939	1064	Gamma	κ = 1904.04	θ = 2.07
HA19Z minimal hip procedures for trauma	1	7790	NA	Fixed	NA	NA

: cc, complications and comorbidities; NA, not available.
: Source was 2013/14 NHS reference costs.¹⁵⁰

TABLE 61

Distributions used in the PSA for hospitalisation for hip fracture (excess bed-day costs) in the year after fracture

Currency code	Number of patients treated	Mean unit cost (£)	SD (£)	Distribution	Parameter 1	Parameter 2
Non-elective inpatient procedures, long stay, excess bed-day
HA11 A major hip procedures for trauma, category 2, with major cc	1404	312	84	Gamma	κ = 410.74	θ = 0.76
HA11B major hip procedures for trauma, category 2, with intermediate cc	307	299	115	Gamma	κ = 177.30	θ = 1.69
HA11C major hip procedures for trauma, category 2, without cc	394	311	89	Gamma	κ = 296.08	θ = 1.05
HA12B major hip procedures for trauma, category 1, with cc	16,310	282	88	Gamma	κ = 1376.53	θ = 0.20
HA12C major hip procedures for trauma, category 1, without cc	4463	267	98	Gamma	κ = 886.70	θ = 0.30
HA13A intermediate hip procedures for trauma, with major cc	8630	290	88	Gamma	κ = 1176.62	θ = 0.25
HA13B intermediate hip procedures for trauma, with intermediate cc	2502	292	95	Gamma	κ = 746.43	θ = 0.39
HA13C intermediate hip procedures for trauma, without cc	3674	262	69	Gamma	κ = 1715.15	θ = 0.15
HA14A minor hip procedures for trauma, with major cc	466	256	120	Gamma	κ = 86.67	θ = 2.95
HA14B minor hip procedures for trauma, with intermediate cc	198	339	226	Gamma	κ = 45.04	θ = 7.53
HA14C minor hip procedures for trauma, without cc	962	317	159	Gamma	κ = 232.60	θ = 1.37

: cc, complications and comorbidities.
: Source was 2013/14 NHS reference costs.¹⁵⁰

TABLE 62

Distributions used in the PSA for vertebral fracture hospitalisations in the year after fracture

Currency code	Number of patients treated	Mean unit cost (£)	SD (£)	Distribution	Parameter 1	Parameter 2
Non-elective inpatient procedures, long stay
HC20D vertebral column injury without procedure, with a cc score of ≥ 6	1609	5479	2858	Gamma	κ = 543.85	θ = 10.07
HC20E vertebral column injury without procedure, with a cc score of 3–5	2459	3732	1648	Gamma	κ = 758.57	θ = 4.92
HC20F vertebral column injury without procedure, with a cc score of 1–2	2611	2971	1136	Gamma	κ = 1031.87	θ = 2.88
HC20G vertebral column injury without procedure, with a cc score of 0	1904	2265	646	Gamma	κ = 1806.58	θ = 1.25
Non-elective inpatient procedures, long stay, excess bed-day
HC20D vertebral column injury without procedure, with a cc score of ≥ 6	2317	328.19	128	Gamma	κ = 347.54	θ = 0.94
HC20E vertebral column injury without procedure, with a cc score of 3–5	3772	260.82	125	Gamma	κ = 393.07	θ = 0.66
HC20F vertebral column injury without procedure, with a cc score of 1–2	2363	266.99	76	Gamma	κ = 1171.35	θ = 0.23
HC20G vertebral column injury without procedure, with a cc score of 0	2047	282.03	117	Gamma	κ = 599.23	θ = 0.47

: cc, complications and comorbidities.
: Source was 2013/14 NHS reference costs.¹⁵⁰

TABLE 63

Distributions used in the PSA for administration of i.v. bisphosphonates

Currency code	Number of patients treated	Mean unit cost (£)	SD (£)	Distribution	Parameter 1	Parameter 2
WF01 A, 302, non-admitted face-to-face attendance, follow-up, endocrinology	353,215	133	114.37	Gamma	κ = 989.48	θ = 0.13
DCRDN, SB12Z, deliver simple parenteral chemotherapy at first attendance, day case and regular day/night	222,981	245	46.70	Gamma	κ = 583.60	θ = 0.42

: Source was 2013/14 NHS reference costs.¹⁵⁰

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Davis S, Martyn-St James M, Sanderson J, et al. A systematic review and economic evaluation of bisphosphonates for the prevention of fragility fractures. Southampton (UK): NIHR Journals Library; 2016 Oct. (Health Technology Assessment, No. 20.78.) Appendix 8, Parameter distributions used in the probabilistic sensitivity analysis.
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Parameter distributions used in the probabilistic sensitivity analysis - A syste...
Parameter distributions used in the probabilistic sensitivity analysis - A systematic review and economic evaluation of bisphosphonates for the prevention of fragility fractures

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