U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Format

Send to:

Choose Destination

Links from GEO Profiles

    • Showing Current items.

    HIPK1 homeodomain interacting protein kinase 1 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]

    Gene ID: 204851, updated on 3-Apr-2024

    Summary

    Go to the top of the page Help
    Official Symbol
    HIPK1provided by HGNC
    Official Full Name
    homeodomain interacting protein kinase 1provided by HGNC
    Primary source
    HGNC:HGNC:19006
    See related
    Ensembl:ENSG00000163349 MIM:608003; AllianceGenome:HGNC:19006
    Gene type
    protein coding
    RefSeq status
    REVIEWED
    Organism
    Homo sapiens
    Lineage
    Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
    Also known as
    Myak; Nbak2
    Summary
    The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the Ser/Thr family of protein kinases and HIPK subfamily. It phosphorylates homeodomain transcription factors and may also function as a co-repressor for homeodomain transcription factors. Alternative splicing results in four transcript variants encoding four distinct isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]
    Expression
    Ubiquitous expression in bone marrow (RPKM 35.1), testis (RPKM 21.2) and 25 other tissues See more
    Orthologs
    mouse all
    NEW
    Try the new Gene table
    Try the new Transcript table

    Genomic context

    Go to the top of the page Help
    See HIPK1 in Genome Data Viewer
    Location:
    1p13.2
    Exon count:
    21
    Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
    RS_2023_10 current GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40) 1 NC_000001.11 (113929324..113977869)
    RS_2023_10 current T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1) 1 NC_060925.1 (113940985..113989530)
    105.20220307 previous assembly GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25) 1 NC_000001.10 (114471946..114520491)

    Chromosome 1 - NC_000001.11Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene AP4B1 antisense RNA 1 Neighboring gene BCL2 like 15 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 1539 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 1540 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 1541 Neighboring gene adaptor related protein complex 4 subunit beta 1 Neighboring gene GATA motif-containing MPRA enhancer 196 Neighboring gene DNA cross-link repair 1B Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 1542 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 1217 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 1218 Neighboring gene HIPK1 antisense RNA 1 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr1:114480377-114480904 Neighboring gene MPRA-validated peak375 silencer Neighboring gene OCT4-NANOG-H3K27ac hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr1:114519457-114520034 Neighboring gene NANOG-H3K27ac hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr1:114521340-114522173 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr1:114523841-114524673 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr1:114525929-114526892 Neighboring gene olfactomedin like 3 Neighboring gene ribosomal protein L13a pseudogene 10

    Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

    Go to the top of the page Help

    Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

    Expression

    Go to the top of the page Help
    • Project title: HPA RNA-seq normal tissues
    • Description: RNA-seq was performed of tissue samples from 95 human individuals representing 27 different tissues in order to determine tissue-specificity of all protein-coding genes
    • BioProject: PRJEB4337
    • Publication: PMID 24309898
    • Analysis date: Wed Apr 4 07:08:55 2018

    Bibliography

    Go to the top of the pageHelp

    Related articles in PubMed

    1. HIPK1 Inhibition Protects against Pathological Cardiac Hypertrophy by Inhibiting the CREB-C/EBPβ Axis. Bei Y, et al. Adv Sci (Weinh), 2023 Jun. PMID 37098980, Free PMC Article
    2. Identifying HIPK1 as Target of miR-22-3p Enhancing Recombinant Protein Production From HEK 293 Cell by Using Microarray and HTP siRNA Screen. Inwood S, et al. Biotechnol J, 2018 Feb. PMID 28987030, Free PMC Article
    3. HIPK1 drives p53 activation to limit colorectal cancer cell growth. Rey C, et al. Cell Cycle, 2013 Jun 15. PMID 23676219, Free PMC Article
    4. Homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 1 (HIPK1) expression in breast cancer tissues. Park BW, et al. Jpn J Clin Oncol, 2012 Dec. PMID 23071292
    5. MicroRNA-889-3p restrains the proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transformation of lung cancer cells via down-regulation of Homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 1. Zhu Q, et al. Bioengineered, 2021 Dec. PMID 34723781, Free PMC Article

    See all (47) citations in PubMed

    GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

    What's a GeneRIF?
    1. Tyr352 as a Predominant Phosphosite in the Understudied Kinase and Molecular Target, HIPK1: Implications for Cancer Therapy.
      Title: Tyr352 as a Predominant Phosphosite in the Understudied Kinase and Molecular Target, HIPK1: Implications for Cancer Therapy.
    2. HIPK1 Inhibition Protects against Pathological Cardiac Hypertrophy by Inhibiting the CREB-C/EBPbeta Axis.
      Title: HIPK1 Inhibition Protects against Pathological Cardiac Hypertrophy by Inhibiting the CREB-C/EBPβ Axis.
    3. Downregulation of circ-ZNF644 alleviates LPS-induced HK2 cell injury via miR-335-5p/HIPK1 axis.
      Title: Downregulation of circ-ZNF644 alleviates LPS-induced HK2 cell injury via miR-335-5p/HIPK1 axis.
    4. MicroRNA-889-3p restrains the proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transformation of lung cancer cells via down-regulation of Homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 1.
      Title: MicroRNA-889-3p restrains the proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transformation of lung cancer cells via down-regulation of Homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 1.
    5. Abemaciclib is a potent inhibitor of DYRK1A and HIP kinases involved in transcriptional regulation.
      Title: Abemaciclib is a potent inhibitor of DYRK1A and HIP kinases involved in transcriptional regulation.
    6. HIPK1, HIPK2 and HIPK3 interact with the components of the carbon catabolite repressor 4 (CCR4)-negative on TATA (NOT) complex, an important regulator of all the major steps in the mRNA metabolism. it has emerged that HIPKs and their related miRNAs are involved in diabetic nephropathy, gastric cancer chemoresistance, cervical cancer progression, and recombinant protein expression in cultured cells. [Review]
      Title: Update on the Regulation of HIPK1, HIPK2 and HIPK3 Protein Kinases by microRNAs.
    7. The data presented here con fi rmed that HIPK1 is involved in the increased expression of recombinant luciferase and the secreted recombinant GPC3-hFc from HEK 293 cells following transfection with miR-22-3p.
      Title: Identifying HIPK1 as Target of miR-22-3p Enhancing Recombinant Protein Production From HEK 293 Cell by Using Microarray and HTP siRNA Screen.
    8. Analysis of these mutants revealed that HIPK1, HIPK2 and HIPK3 but not HIPK4 are capable of autophosphorylating on other tyrosines
      Title: Effect of tyrosine autophosphorylation on catalytic activity and subcellular localisation of homeodomain-interacting protein kinases (HIPK).
    9. PAGE4, a regulator of c-Jun transactivation, is phosphorylated by homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 1.
      Title: Cancer/testis antigen PAGE4, a regulator of c-Jun transactivation, is phosphorylated by homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 1, a component of the stress-response pathway.
    10. HIPK1 drives p53 activation to limit colorectal cancer cell growth.
      Title: HIPK1 drives p53 activation to limit colorectal cancer cell growth.
    Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (15)

    Phenotypes

    Go to the top of the page Help

    Find tests for this gene in the NIH Genetic Testing Registry (GTR)

    Review eQTL and phenotype association data in this region using PheGenI

    EBI GWAS Catalog

    Description
    Large-scale genotyping identifies 41 new loci associated with breast cancer risk.
    EBI GWAS Catalog

    Variation

    Go to the top of the page Help

    See variants in ClinVar

    See studies and variants in dbVar

    See Variation Viewer (GRCh37.p13)

    See Variation Viewer (GRCh38)

    Genotypes

    Pathways from PubChem

    Go to the top of the page

    Interactions

    Go to the top of the page Help
    Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

    General gene information

    Go to the top of the page Help

    Markers

    Homology

    Clone Names

    • KIAA0630, MGC26642, MGC33446, MGC33548

    Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

    Function Evidence Code Pubs
    enables ATP binding IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    enables protein binding IPI
    Inferred from Physical Interaction
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    enables protein serine kinase activity IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    enables protein serine/threonine kinase activity IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    enables protein tyrosine kinase activity IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    Process Evidence Code Pubs
    involved_in adherens junction assembly IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    involved_in anterior/posterior pattern specification IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    involved_in cell population proliferation IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    involved_in definitive hemopoiesis ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in embryonic camera-type eye morphogenesis IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    involved_in embryonic retina morphogenesis in camera-type eye IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    involved_in endothelial cell apoptotic process IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in eye development ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    involved_in iris morphogenesis IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    involved_in lens induction in camera-type eye IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    involved_in neuron differentiation IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    involved_in peptidyl-serine phosphorylation IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    involved_in peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    involved_in positive regulation of angiogenesis ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in positive regulation of cell population proliferation IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    involved_in protein phosphorylation IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in regulation of tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in retina layer formation IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    involved_in smoothened signaling pathway IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    Component Evidence Code Pubs
    is_active_in PML body IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    located_in centrosome IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		  
    is_active_in cytoplasm IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    located_in cytoplasm IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    located_in cytosol IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		  
    located_in nuclear speck IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    located_in nucleoplasm IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		  
    located_in nucleoplasm TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    is_active_in nucleus IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    located_in nucleus IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 

    General protein information

    Go to the top of the page Help
    Preferred Names
    homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 1
    Names
    homeodomain interacting protein kinase 1-like protein
    nuclear body associated kinase 2b
    nuclear body-associated kinase 2
    NP_001356735.1
    NP_001356736.1
    NP_001397776.1
    NP_689909.2
    NP_852003.1
    NP_938009.1
    NP_938010.1
    XP_005270667.2
    XP_005270668.2
    XP_006710506.2
    XP_011539279.2
    XP_047305075.1
    XP_047305084.1
    XP_047305085.1
    XP_047305086.1
    XP_047305090.1
    XP_047305095.1
    XP_054191016.1
    XP_054191017.1
    XP_054191018.1
    XP_054191019.1
    XP_054191020.1
    XP_054191021.1
    XP_054191022.1
    XP_054191023.1
    XP_054191024.1

    NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

    Go to the top of the page Help

    NEW Try the new Transcript table

    RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

    These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

    These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. NM_001369806.1 → NP_001356735.1  homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 1 isoform 1

      Status: REVIEWED

      Source sequence(s)
      AL137856, AL731797
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS867.1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      A6NJ34, O75125, Q5SQL2, Q5SQL4, Q5SQL5, Q86Z02, Q8IYD7, Q8NDN5, Q8NEB6, Q8TBZ1
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      A6NDY4, Q5SQL3
      Related
      ENSP00000358571.1, ENST00000369558.5
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      cd14228
      Location:174 → 528
      STKc_HIPK1; Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine Kinase, Homeodomain-Interacting Protein Kinase 1

    2. NM_001369807.1 → NP_001356736.1  homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 1 isoform 5

      Status: REVIEWED

      Source sequence(s)
      AL137856, AL731797
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      A6NDY4, Q5SQL3
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      cd14228
      Location:174 → 528
      STKc_HIPK1; Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine Kinase, Homeodomain-Interacting Protein Kinase 1

    3. NM_001410847.1 → NP_001397776.1  homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 1 isoform 6

      Status: REVIEWED

      Source sequence(s)
      AL137856, AL731797
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS91025.1
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      J3KP92
      Related
      ENSP00000358574.4, ENST00000369561.8

    4. NM_152696.4 → NP_689909.2  homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 1 isoform 2

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_689909.2

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (2) has a distinct 3' UTR and coding region, compared to variant 1. This results in a protein (isoform 2) which is shorter and has a distinct C-terminus, compared to isoform 1.
      Source sequence(s)
      AB089957, AL137856, BC033012
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS868.1
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      B3KV38
      Related
      ENSP00000358572.4, ENST00000369559.8
      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      smart00220
      Location:190 → 518
      S_TKc; Serine/Threonine protein kinases, catalytic domain
      cd14228
      Location:174 → 528
      STKc_HIPK1; Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine Kinase, Homeodomain-Interacting Protein Kinase 1

    5. NM_181358.3 → NP_852003.1  homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 1 isoform 4

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_852003.1

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (4) differs in the 5' UTR and lacks one 5' coding exon, compared to variant 1. These differences result in the use of a downstream translation initiation site and a protein (isoform 4) with a shorter N-terminus, compared to isoform 1.
      Source sequence(s)
      AA995033, AK302726, AL731797, BC033012, BC036057
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS869.1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      Q86Z02
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      B4DZ33
      Related
      ENSP00000358566.1, ENST00000369553.5
      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      COG0515
      Location:51 → 225
      SPS1; Serine/threonine protein kinase [Signal transduction mechanisms]
      cl21453
      Location:6 → 134
      PKc_like; Protein Kinases, catalytic domain

    6. NM_198268.3 → NP_938009.1  homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 1 isoform 1

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_938009.1

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (1) encodes the longest isoform (1).
      Source sequence(s)
      AA995033, AK302726, AL137856, AL731797, BC033012
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS867.1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      A6NJ34, O75125, Q5SQL2, Q5SQL4, Q5SQL5, Q86Z02, Q8IYD7, Q8NDN5, Q8NEB6, Q8TBZ1
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      A6NDY4, Q5SQL3
      Related
      ENSP00000407442.3, ENST00000426820.7
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      cd14228
      Location:174 → 528
      STKc_HIPK1; Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine Kinase, Homeodomain-Interacting Protein Kinase 1

    7. NM_198269.3 → NP_938010.1  homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 1 isoform 3

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_938010.1

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (3) differs in the 5' UTR and lacks one 5' coding exon, compared to variant 1. These differences result in the use of a downstream translation initiation site and a protein (isoform 3) with a shorter N-terminus, compared to isoform 1.
      Source sequence(s)
      AA995033, AK302726, AL731797, BC028408
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS41370.1
      Related
      ENSP00000340956.4, ENST00000340480.8
      Conserved Domains (2) summary
      COG0515
      Location:71 → 245
      SPS1; Serine/threonine protein kinase [Signal transduction mechanisms]
      cl21453
      Location:1 → 154
      PKc_like; Protein Kinases, catalytic domain

    RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_000001405.40-RS_2023_10

    The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

    Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

    Genomic

    1. NC_000001.11 Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

      Range
      113929324..113977869
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. XM_005270611.6 → XP_005270668.2  homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 1 isoform X2

      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      A6NDY4, Q5SQL3
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      cd14228
      Location:174 → 528
      STKc_HIPK1; Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine Kinase, Homeodomain-Interacting Protein Kinase 1

    2. XM_005270610.6 → XP_005270667.2  homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 1 isoform X1

      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      A6NDY4, Q5SQL3
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      cd14228
      Location:174 → 528
      STKc_HIPK1; Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine Kinase, Homeodomain-Interacting Protein Kinase 1

    3. XM_047449119.1 → XP_047305075.1  homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 1 isoform X3

    4. XM_006710443.5 → XP_006710506.2  homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 1 isoform X4

      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      A6NDY4, J3KP92, Q5SQL3
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      cd14228
      Location:174 → 528
      STKc_HIPK1; Catalytic domain of the Serine/Threonine Kinase, Homeodomain-Interacting Protein Kinase 1

    5. XM_047449130.1 → XP_047305086.1  homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 1 isoform X8

    6. XM_047449128.1 → XP_047305084.1  homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 1 isoform X5

    7. XM_011540977.4 → XP_011539279.2  homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 1 isoform X6

      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      A6NDY4, Q5SQL3
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      cl21453
      Location:174 → 488
      PKc_like; Protein Kinases, catalytic domain

    8. XM_047449129.1 → XP_047305085.1  homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 1 isoform X7

    9. XM_047449139.1 → XP_047305095.1  homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 1 isoform X9

      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      A6NJ34, O75125, Q5SQL2, Q5SQL4, Q5SQL5, Q86Z02, Q8IYD7, Q8NDN5, Q8NEB6, Q8TBZ1

    10. XM_047449134.1 → XP_047305090.1  homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 1 isoform X9

      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      A6NJ34, O75125, Q5SQL2, Q5SQL4, Q5SQL5, Q86Z02, Q8IYD7, Q8NDN5, Q8NEB6, Q8TBZ1

    Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

    Genomic

    1. NC_060925.1 Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

      Range
      113940985..113989530
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. XM_054335042.1 → XP_054191017.1  homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 1 isoform X2

    2. XM_054335041.1 → XP_054191016.1  homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 1 isoform X1

    3. XM_054335043.1 → XP_054191018.1  homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 1 isoform X3

    4. XM_054335044.1 → XP_054191019.1  homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 1 isoform X4

      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      J3KP92

    5. XM_054335048.1 → XP_054191023.1  homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 1 isoform X8

    6. XM_054335045.1 → XP_054191020.1  homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 1 isoform X5

    7. XM_054335046.1 → XP_054191021.1  homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 1 isoform X6

    8. XM_054335047.1 → XP_054191022.1  homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 1 isoform X7

    9. XM_054335049.1 → XP_054191024.1  homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 1 isoform X9

      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      A6NJ34, O75125, Q5SQL2, Q5SQL4, Q5SQL5, Q86Z02, Q8IYD7, Q8NDN5, Q8NEB6, Q8TBZ1
    Nucleotide Protein
    Heading Accession and Version
    Protein Accession Links
    GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
    Q86Z02.1 GenPept UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:Q86Z02

    Gene LinkOut

    The following LinkOut resources are supplied by external providers. These providers are responsible for maintaining the links.

    Chemical Information
    Molecular Biology Databases
    Research Materials
    Tools
    Miscellaneous