Abnormal protrusion of the scapula away from the surface of the back.

An increase in height of the medial longitudinal arch of the foot that does not flatten on weight bearing (i.e., a distinctly hollow form of the sole of the foot when it is bearing weight).

Weakness of the muscles of the legs.

Hyperreflexia is the presence of hyperactive stretch reflexes of the muscles.

An abnormal gait pattern characterized by the failure of the heel to contact the floor at the onset of stance during gait.

An abnormal gait pattern that arises from weakness of the pretibial and peroneal muscles due to a lower motor neuron lesion. Affected patients have footdrop and are unable to dorsiflex and evert the foot. The leg is lifted high on walking so that the toes clear the ground, and there may be a slapping noise when the foot strikes the ground again.

A loss of global cognitive ability of sufficient amount to interfere with normal social or occupational function. Dementia represents a loss of previously present cognitive abilities, generally in adults, and can affect memory, thinking, language, judgment, and behavior.

The term gait disturbance can refer to any disruption of the ability to walk. In general, this can refer to neurological diseases but also fractures or other sources of pain that is triggered upon walking. However, in the current context gait disturbance refers to difficulty walking on the basis of a neurological or muscular disease.

Reduction of neurologic reflexes such as the knee-jerk reaction.

Spasticity (velocity-dependent increase in tonic stretch reflexes with increased muscle tone and hyperexcitable tendon reflexes) in the muscles of the lower limbs, hips, and pelvis

Inability to walk in a person who previous had the ability to walk.

Increased intensity of muscle tendon reflexes in jaw.

A disturbance of executive functioning, which is broadly defined as the set of abilities that allow for the planning, executing, monitoring, and self-correcting of goal-directed behavior while inhibiting task-irrelevant behavior. At least some degree of executive skill is needed to complete most cognitive tasks, and deficits in executive abilities are central to many clinical conditions, including fronto-temporal dementia.

Abnormally increased curvature (anterior concavity) of the lumbar or cervical spine.

The presence of an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.

A phenomenon whereby patients are not able to stand up without the use of the hands owing to weakness of the proximal muscles of the lower limbs.

Generalized weakness or decreased strength of the muscles, affecting both distal and proximal musculature.

Generalized (diffuse, unlocalized) amyotrophy (muscle atrophy) affecting multiple muscles.

Atrophy of the intrinsic muscle groups of the hand, comprising the thenar and hypothenar muscles; the interossei muscles; and the lumbrical muscles.

An abnormal distribution of muscle fiber types in muscle tissue. Human skeletal muscle contains at least two fiber types recognizable by histochemical techniques. In transverse sections of normal skeletal muscle, type 1 and type 2 fibers are distributed in a random fashion. Grouping of fibers of the same type can be seen in certain peripheral neuropathies, thought to be due to reinnervation of denervated muscle fibers by sprouting axons. With grouping, motor units enlarge. The fibers of a motor unit, which are normally scattered, come to lie adjacent to one another. Histochemical examination shows groups of muscle fibers of the same histochemical type.

Muscular atrophy involving the quadriceps muscle.

Normal muscle fibers are polygonal-shaped in cross section, are multinucleated, and have minimal amounts of endomysial connective tissue. In contrast, angulated (also known as angular) muscle fibers have long and narrow vertices (corners) with sharp edges and a pointed tip.

Impairment of gas exchange within the lungs secondary to a disease process, neoplasm, or trauma, possibly resulting in hypoxia, hypercarbia, or both, but not requiring intubation or mechanical ventilation. Patients are normally managed with pharmaceutical therapy, supplemental oxygen, or both.

Fasciculations or fibrillation affecting the tongue muscle.

Wasting of the tongue.